1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 29及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 Microbubbles: A new technique to treat disease involves the careful injection of tiny, drug-coated bubbles in the bloodstream. A Thilo Hoelscher, a neurologist at the University of Califomia, San Diego, is a man with a plan. His plan is to deal wi
2、th strokes by blowing bubbles at them. The bubbles in question would be small enough to inject into blood vessels leading to the affected part of the brain. When they got to the blood clot that caused the stroke, they would be jiggled into action by the application of ultrasound. The result would be
3、 myriads of tiny jackhammers chipping away at the clot before it had a chance to cause too much permanent damage. B What makes this approach particularly interesting is that Dr Hoelscher wants to start treating stroke patients as soon as they are heaved into an ambulance, rather than waiting until t
4、hey arrive in the emergency room. He plans to start a feasibility study before the end of the year in which some of San Diegos ambulances will be equipped with portable ultrasonic transducers. Andrei Alexandrov, a pioneer in therapeutic-ultrasound research who now directs the stroke centre at the Un
5、iversity of Alabama, is pursuing a similar approach. He is designing an easy-to-use ultrasound helmet that an emergency-room nurse can attach before administering a vial of microbubbles. Both schemes are examples of a new idea in medicine, Which is to use tiny bubbles of gas not merely to highlight
6、organs during ultrasonic scanning, as has been done for several years, but also as a form of treatment. With clinical trials now getting under way, experts think it will take around five years for these new therapies to reach patients. C Microbubbles are not just any old bubbles. They contain a chem
7、ically stable gas, such as perfluoropropane, instead of air. This gas is encapsulated in a fatty shell rather like a very small balloon. Even the largest microbubbles being tested for medical use are only five microns across, less than the diameter of a red blood cell. More advanced bubbles are only
8、 a few hundred nanometres across and can move easily through the lining of a blood vessel. They may also, crucially, be able to cross the blood-brain barrier, a tightly sealed layer of cells that protects the brain from dangerous chemicals including many drugs. If you put such a drug in the surface
9、layer of a microbubble, you might be able to smuggle it into the brain. D Having got into the brain (or anywhere else), a well-designed microbubble should also be able find a particular target. That is because the fatty layer can include molecules such as antibodies, which link up with proteins foun
10、d on the surfaces of only one type of cell. A bubble with such an antibody in it would thus stick only to that type of cell. This sort of approach is being tested by Mark Borden and Paul Dayton, who work at another of the University of Californias campuses, in Davis. They have demonstrated in rats t
11、hat bubbles with an appropriate outer layer can be equipped with molecules that stick specifically to diseased cells. These molecules are initially hidden under a polymer layer to prevent the immune system from destroying the bubbles. When the bubble arrives at its target, however, it is blasted wit
12、h ultrasound in a way that exposes the molecule and makes the bubble stick. E The two researchers can also use sound waves to steer bubbles towards a target, as if those bubbles were surfing a wave in the sea. Moreover, they can slow the bubbles down when they arrive where they are wanted. Once the
13、bubbles have stuck good and fast to their targets, turning up the ultrasound still further will burst them, so that they release their payloads precisely where they can do most good. The result is smaller, better-aimed doses of drugs, which should mean fewer side-effects. In principle, such paytoads
14、 could be small-molecule drugs such as those used for cancer chemotherapy. They could be therapeutic proteins such as antibodies and certain hormones. They could be radioactive isotopes designed for highly local radiotherapy. They could even be pieces of DNA intended as gene therapy. F Such work, of
15、 course, is not confined to the academy. ImaRx Therapeutics of Tucson, Arizona, has just begun a trial of its own bubble-based stroke therapy, which it is branding as SonoLysis. The bubbles are being tested in conjunction with an established clot-buster called tPA. Meanwhile, two other American firm
16、s, Nanotrope and Targeson, are working on ways of making customised bubbles to order, the latter by forcing an emulsion of water and oil combined with whatever therapeutic agent is desired through a narrow plastic nozzle at high speed. G Bubble therapy is not yet reliable. Safe doses of sound waves,
17、 the best size for the bubbles and the amount of drug each should carry have all to be worked out. At least one trial, run by Michael Daffertshofer of the University of Mannheim, in Germany, had to be stopped because the researchers discovered that the ultrasound was causing brain haemorrhages. Yet
18、if safe combinations of bubbles and ultrasound can be found, blowing bubbles at diseases could be a clever way to tackle problems where they arise, rather than subjecting the whole of a patients body to treatments it does not need. 1 Questions 1-4 The text has 7 paragraphs (A-G). Which paragraph con
19、tains each of the following pieces o fin formation? 1 A known problem of using bubble therapy. 2 An approximate idea of when bubble therapy will be generally available. 3 How microbubbles differ from ordinary bubbles. 4 Names of companies involved in bubble therapy research. 5 Questions 5-8 Complete
20、 the following sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text. 5 Microbubbles should help stroke patients by dealing with _. 6 San Diegos ambulances will be equipped with portable ultrasonic transducers as part of a _. 7 Borden and Dayton have experimented on _. 8 Borden and Dayton use _ to
21、aim microbubbles at particular targets. 9 Questions 9-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? Write TRUE if the information in the text agrees with the statement. Write FALSE if the information in the text contradicts the statement. Write NOT GIVEN if there is no
22、 information on this. 9 Doctors Hoelscher and Alexanrov are working on the same project. 10 Bubbles of gas are already used in human medicine. 11 Microbubbles can cross the blood-brain barrier. 12 Microbubbles designed to treat different problems would need different molecules attached to them. 13 M
23、icrobubbles are automatically attracted to different cells depending on their size. 13 Linguistic Follies A In recent years Brussels has been a fine place to observe the irresistible rise of English as Europes lingua franca. For native speakers of English who are lazy about learning languages (yes,
24、they exist), Brussels has become an embarrassingly easy place to work or visit. English is increasingly audible and visible in this scruffily charming Belgian city, and frankly rampant in the concrete-and-glass European quarter. Now, however, signs of a backlash are building. This is not based on se
25、ntiment, but on chewy points of economic efficiency and political fairness. And in a neat coincidence, Brussels is again a good place to watch the backlash develop. Start in the European district, where to the sound of much grinding of French and German teeth, the expansion of the European Union has
26、 left English not just edging ahead of the two other working languages, but in a position of utter dominance. The union now boasts 27 members and 23 official languages, but the result has been the opposite of a new tower of Babel. Only grand meetings boast interpreters. At lower levels, it turns out
27、, when you put officials from Berlin, Bratislava, Bucharest and Budapest in the same room, English is by far the easiest option. B Is this good for Europe? It feels efficient, but being a native English-speaker also seems to many to confer an unfair advantage. It is far easier to argue a point in yo
28、ur mother tongue. It is also hard work for even the best non-native speakers to understand other non-native versions of English, whereas it is no great strain for the British or Irish to decipher the various accents. Francois Grin, a Swiss economist, argues that Britain enjoys hidden transfers from
29、its neighbours worth billions of euros a year, thanks to the English language. He offers several reasons, starting with spending in Britain on language teaching in schools, which is proportionately lower than in France or Switzerland, say. To add insult to injury, Britain profits from teaching Engli
30、sh to foreigners. “Elevating one language to a position of dominance is tantamount to giving a huge handout to the country or countries that use it as a native language,“ he insists. C What about the Europe outside the bubble of EU politics? Surely the rise of English as a universal second language
31、is good for business? Perhaps, but even here a backlash is starting, led by linguists with close ties to European institutions and governments. They argue that the rush to learn English can sometimes hurt business by making it harder to find any staff who are willing to master less glamorous Europea
32、n languages. English is all very well for globe-spanning deals, suggests Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, a Belgian academic and adviser on language policy to the European Commission. But across much of the continent, firms do the bulk of their business with their neighbours. Dutch firms need delivery drive
33、rs who can speak German to customers, and vice versa. Belgium itself is a country divided between people who speak Dutch (Flemish) and French. A local plumber needs both to find the cheapest suppliers, or to land jobs in nearby France and the Netherlands. D “English, in effect, blocks the learning o
34、f other languages,“ claims Mr Baetens Beardsmore. Just as the global rise of English makes life easy for idle Britons or Americans, it breeds complacency among those with English as their second language. “People say, well, I speak English and I have no need to learn another language.“ He cites rese
35、arch by the European Commission suggesting that this risk can be avoided if school pupils are taught English as a third tongue after something else. A huge government-financed survey of Brussels businesses reveals a dire shortage of candidates who can speak the right local languages (40% of firms ha
36、ve reported losing contracts because of a lack of languages). One result is a very odd labour market. By day, Brussels is more or less bilingual, hosting a third of a million Dutch-and French-speaking commuters from the prim suburbs, who fill the lions share of well-paid graduate jobs. Once night fa
37、lls, Dutch-speakers are in a small minority. E Moreover, among permanent Brussels residents, unemployment hovers around 20%. Just a short journey away, in Dutch-speaking suburbs such as Zaventem (home to the airport),unemployment is 4-5% and employers complain of worsening labour shortages. Even wit
38、hin Brussels, thousands of job vacancies go unfilled every month because nine in ten jobseekers cannot read and write in French and Dutch, prompting employers to bin their applications. Olivier Willcox of the Brussels Chamber of Commerce and Industry argues that too many Brussels natives are “allerg
39、ic to learning Dutch“. The rise of Dutch is painful for some. French was once the language of the Belgian and Brussels elite, but the post-war period has seen Dutch-speaking Flanders (as the north of Belgium is known) boom. “Like it or not, the real economic power in Brussels is Flemish,“ contends M
40、r Willcox. F Hardline nationalist politicians in Flanders must take some blame because they have done a lot to make French-speakers feel unwelcome. The head of the Brussels employment service, Eddy Courtheoux, also questions the sheer number of job advertisements that demand both Dutch and French, s
41、aying that for some “it is just a way of avoiding hiring a foreigner“: code for Moroccan, Turkish or African immigrants. Perhaps Brussels should accept its fate as an international city, and switch to English, like some European Singapore (although with waffles, frites and dirty streets)? For all hi
42、s problems finding jobs for monolingual locals, Mr Courtheoux looks appalled. “Living in a bilingual city is net a misfortune, it makes life rich and interesting,“ he argues. Some would call this pure sentiment, others might suggest that it reflects hard-nosed economics. But Brussels is actually a g
43、ood place in which to hear the point and simply nod your head. 14 Questions 14-17 The text has 6 paragraphs (A-F). Which paragraph does each of the following headings best fit? 14 Britains Concealed Advantage? 15 English Third? 16 English on Top. 17 Bad for Business? 18 Questions 18-22 According to
44、the text, FIVE of the following statements are true. Write the corresponding letters in answer boxes A. Most native English speakers are lazy about learning foreign languages. B. English is the most common language in the European district of Brussels. C. France spends less money on language teachin
45、g in schools than Switzerland. D. Most Dutch people speak German. E. Most companies in Brussels have lost contracts due to a lack of languages among employees. F. There are many Dutch speakers in Brussels during the day. G. Unemployment is relatively low in Zaventem. H. The use of Dutch in Brussels
46、has increased since the end of World war 2. 23 Questions 23-26 According to the information given in the text, choose the correct answer from the choices given. 23 The EU uses interpreters at （ A） select important meetings. （ B） most meetings. （ C） almost all meetings. 24 Hugo Baetens Beardsmore bel
47、ieves that English is a suitable language （ A） when negotiating globally. （ B） when negotiating within Europe. （ C） for people in small countries like Belgium. 25 Olivier Willcox believes that many French-speaking Belgians （ A） cannot learn Dutch. （ B） can learn Dutch easily. （ C） do not want to lea
48、rn Dutch. 26 Eddy Courth6oux believes that （ A） Brussels is a great place, even though it has dirty streets. （ B） people in Brussels have to learn both Dutch and French. （ C） some job advertisements requiring applicants to speak Dutch and French may be racially motivated. 26 cleaning up The current
49、row over climate change sounds all too familiar. Germany, host of this years G8 summit, is trying to get the world to agree on what to do when the Kyoto protocol on curbing greenhouse gases runs out in 2012. America, which dislikes the tough targets that the Europeans want the world to sign up to, is proposing separate negotiations between the worlds big emitters. Environmentalists accuse it of trying to sidetrack the issue. The lineup is much like the one that led to Americas withdrawal from the Kyoto agreement in 2001. Yet
