1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 32 及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 Poverty and Health The link between health and economic outcomes has always been a central issue for both economists and sociologists. Most experts believe that there is a strong causal link between health and economic prosperity. For example, th
2、ose earning higher incomes have more money to invest in human capital such as improving and maintaining health. This means that their standard of living improves as their earning power increases and they are able to invest in better diets, improved sanitation and better health care. A healthy worker
3、 is less likely to contract disease, and this means productivity at work improves with the resultant opportunity to command higher earnings. A clear example of the link between economic productivity and poor health is Uganda, which is situated in the east of central Africa. Recent surveys have indic
4、ated that 46% of the population is forced to live on less than $1.00 per day. Only 49% of households in Uganda have access to health care facilities. The current average life expectancy is 48 years from birth, which is estimated to be about 45 for males and 50.5 years for females. An assessment of t
5、he burden of disease in Uganda in 1995 demonstrated that 75% of life years lost as a result of premature death were due to entirely preventable diseases: perinatal and maternal conditions accounted for 20%; malaria for 15.4%; acute lower respiratory tract infections 10.5%; AIDS 9.1%; diarrhoea 8.4%.
6、 In addition, 38% of under five year olds are stunted, 25% are underweight and 5% wasted. These factors accounted for the extremely high mortality rate experienced in this age-group. A recent report from Healthcare Worldwide makes the clearest and strongest case yet that disease has a fundamental an
7、d disastrous effect on the economies of countries and, in the long run, at the global level. The report concludes that funding increases for health from affluent and poorer countries alike are vital. Although the extra expenditure from poorer countries would be difficult to find, the report conclude
8、d that the benefits received would be worth it. It is estimated that this injection of funds into the healthcare systems of the poorer countries would result in a significant increase in productivity because people would be healthier and more able to work. The report also urges a focus on the bigges
9、t killers, from childbirth and AIDS, and on medical care at a local clinic level rather than in prestigious hospitals. To this end, the Ugandan government has pursued a comprehensive poverty reduction strategy which has addressed the issues of access to appropriate and adequate health care by utilis
10、ing the existing political structure of the country. This strategy has resulted in the incidence of poverty in Uganda falling from 56% in 1992 to 35% in 2000. The Multinational Finance Corporation (MFC) has praised the East African country for the progress it has made towards reducing poverty and ha
11、s just announced its approval of a staggered $21 million loan which will be made available in three equal parts over three years beginning in 2002. This incentive means that Uganda has become the first country this year to benefit from a Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC). This is a new approac
12、h to World Bank lending, available exclusively to low-income countries with strong policy and institutional reform programs, which allows poverty reduction strategies to be carried out. However, the MFC notes that although the Ugandan economy has performed relatively well during 2001-2002 in achievi
13、ng a 5.5% growth, Uganda would still continue to rely heavily on donor assistance. The United Nations Human Development Report for 2002 ranks Uganda as 150th out of 173 countries, and reports it is “far behind“ in its attempts to gain the anticipated 10% increase. It may also be unable to reach the
14、hoped for Millennium Development goal of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015. The Ugandan government is also dedicated to the control of AIDS through the Uganda AIDS Commission. In 1993, Uganda reported the highest rate of AIDS cases per population in Africa and, therefore
15、, the world. HIV, the name given to the preliminary stages of AIDS, and AIDS, the fully developed form of the disease, are still one of the leading causes of death in Uganda. Currently, about 2.4 million people in the country are HIV positive while another 0.9 million have the fully developed form.
16、To make matters worse, the majority of those affected with the disease are within the 15 and 40 year age group, which is where the majority of the labour force comes from. Therefore the economy suffers. However, since the introduction of the Uganda AIDS Commission, there has been a major decrease in
17、 the incidence of the disease. The struggle to maintain adequate and appropriate levels of health care in underdeveloped countries will continue to represent a major challenge to organizations such as Healthcare Worldwide and UNICEE However, through the involvement of the more affluent countries and
18、 the development of a global fund set up by the United Nations, hope is present and there is an air of optimism about the future. 1 Using information from Reading Passage 1, complete the diagram below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your Answer Sheet
19、. 4 Complete the following table using information taken from Reading Passage 1. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your Answer Sheet. Figure 1. Facts on Uganda 9 Poor health amongst Ugandans （ A） results from insufficient access to healthcar
20、e facilities. （ B） can be attributed to poor economic conditions. （ C） has resulted in increased mortality rates. （ D） All of the above. 10 Healthcare Worldwide recommends （ A） spending more money on health worldwide. （ B） investigating the incidence of death due to childbirth and AIDS. （ C） making
21、health care facilities accessible at a local level. （ D） All of the above. 11 The Poverty Reduction Support Credit （ A） was first offered to Uganda. （ B） is a department of the World Bank. （ C） only helps certain low-income countries. （ D） None of the above. 12 HIV/AIDS in Uganda （ A） is not as prev
22、alent as it used to be. （ B） causes the highest rate of death in the world. （ C） targets those who no longer work. （ D） occurs in 2.4 million of the population. 13 The writer of this article （ A） believes Ugandas situation will ultimately improve. （ B） thinks that developed countries do not help Uga
23、nda enough. （ C） is optimistic about the future in general. （ D） is sympathetic to poorer countries. 13 VALIUM In the 1960s, Valium was launched around the world as the new miracle pill. It was prescribed for dozens of ailments, including stress, panic attacks, back pain, insomnia and calming patien
24、ts before and after surgery. Four decades later, many are questioning why the drug is still so popular, given that doctors and drug addiction workers believe Valium, and drugs like it, create more health problems than they solve. Valium-a Latin word meaning “strong and well“-was developed in the ear
25、ly 1960s in the United States (US) by Dr. Leo Sternbach, a Polish chemist working for pharmaceutical giant Hoffman-LaRoche. Approved for use in 1963, Valium quickly became a favourite among mental heath professionals and general practitioners. Valium was the most prescribed drug in the US between 19
26、69 and 1982. At the peak of Valium use in the 1970s, Hoffman LaRoches parent company, the Roche Group, was selling about two billion Valium pills a year, earning the company $US 600 million a year. Valium quickly became a household name, the drug of choice for millions of people, from the rich and f
27、amous to the stressed executive and the frustrated housewife. These days Valium is still a popular choice. From 2002-2003, 50% of prescriptions for diazepams (the generic name for Valium) in Australia were for Valium. Almost two million scripts were issued for diazepam in 2002, costing consumers and
28、 governments more than $13 million. Diazepams belong to a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines, which include tranquillizers to ease anxiety and hypnotics to treat insomnia. Valium and other benzodiazepines were marketed as fast acting, non-addictive and as having no side effects. Initially benzo
29、diazepines were considered to be quite safe, especially compared to other drugs on the market. For example, barbiturates were also very toxic and a small overdose would be fatal. One of the great advantages of benzodiazepines over their predecessors was that even if the patient took many tablets, th
30、ey would get very sick and go off to sleep, but they wouldnt die. It seemed too good to be true. And of course it was. Some doctors began to observe alarming facts about benzodiazepines which werent well known during the 1960s and the 1970s, and which are still true today. They were addictive, even
31、in small doses; they could be safely prescribed for only a very short period; and the body adapted to the drug within a week, which usually led the user to take higher dosages or an increased number of tablets. In addition to this, what wasnt well known until the early 1980s is that a much larger gr
32、oup of people had become dependent on these benzodiazepines, including Valium, by taking the normal dose. Although they were only taking 2 mg three times a day, doctors observed that within a week they were becoming dependent. Moreover, they were becoming very ill if that dose was reduced or withdra
33、wn. Because the withdrawal from benzodiazepines is brutal, doctors continue to prescribe the medication for fear of the patients health during withdrawal. Doctors believe that there is no point in refusing to prescribe the drug until the patient is prepared to stop. Valium has a long half-life, whic
34、h means that it takes 30-plus hours for the body to get rid of half of the daily dose. As a result, withdrawals from Valium are just as difficult as withdrawals from other drugs, including alcohol. Patients who are withdrawing can have fits for five or six days after they have stopped taking Valium,
35、 which is one of the big Asks. It usually takes the body five to seven days to detoxify from alcohol and less than a month for heroin compared to withdrawal from Valium which can take up to six months. Many doctors believe that Valium gives people false hope and argue that while many patients feel b
36、etter when they initially begin taking the drug, the feelings are short-lived. In the case of benzodiazepines they should only be taken as part of an overall examination of the patients lifestyle. Guidelines have been developed to support the appropriate use by doctors and patients of Valium and oth
37、er benzodiazepines. Doctors need to talk about what is causing the stress and suggest possible alternative treatment options. The flip side of the coin is that consumers need to take ownership of the medicines that they are taking. They should talk to their doctor about the impact the medication has
38、 on their health. This also helps doctors to help manage their patients health. The emergence of concerns over the use of Valium, originally hailed as the wonder drug of its day, is a warning for us all to be cautious about the newer drugs. What it all boils down to is that doctors and patients need
39、 to monitor the use of all medicines-this includes prescription medicine as welt as over-the-counter medications. (Source: The Weekend Australian, Saturday 26 July 2003, “Anxious and Addicted“ by Clare Pirani. Copyright.“ used with permission.) 14 Look at the following statements (Questions 14-18).
40、Indicate: YES if the statement agrees with information in the passage NO if the statement contradicts information in the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage. Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your Answer Sheet. Valium is of greater risk to users than their original il
41、lness. _ 15 Valium sales caused business in the Roche Group to peak in the 1970s. _ 16 Valium became popular because it seemed to suit a wide range of people. _ 17 Valium is part of the group of drugs called diazepams. _ 18 A Valium overdose is not fatal. _ 19 Complete the summary below by using wor
42、ds taken from Reading Passage 2. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 19-27 on your Answer Sheet. Initially, doctors believed that Valium was a comparatively【 19】 drug for a number of reasons: it worked quickly, patients could take it but give it up e
43、asily and it didnt create any unpleasant【 20】 However, about thirty years ago some disturbing facts became apparent. Doctors found that Valium was【 21】 in the short term and users needed to【 22】 the dosage in order to get the same effect. They also found that even users who took a【 23】 dose became a
44、ddicted very quickly. In addition to this, one of the most worrying concerns about Valium use was that it was extremely【 24】 for users to give up the drug because it had a long half-life. Doctors are now aware that patients who take Valium merely receive a short-lived feeling of【 25】 . Therefore, gu
45、idelines have been developed to make sure that it is used only when it is【 26】 More caution needs to be exercised. Doctors need to talk about patients stress levels and advise them of【 27】 . Finally, patients need to be more aware of the medications they take. 27 GLLOBAL WARMING-THE BEGINNING OF THE
46、 END Increased social debate regarding complex issues such as the greenhouse effect and global warming has definitely increased our environmental awareness. However, such debates are often emotive rather than informative. One can be forgiven, for example, for believing that the greenhouse effect is
47、something we should be trying to eradicate! Short-wave radiation, in the form of visible ultra-violet (UV) light from the Sun, penetrates Earths atmosphere to warm the surface of the planet. Because all matter is warmer than space, it radiates heat, and part of the suns energy is re-radiated out by
48、the Earths surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of this infrared radiation causing the Earths surface and lower atmospheric layers to warm up to a higher temperature than would otherwise be the case. Without these greenhouse gases, Earth would be a frozen, hostile environment with a
49、n average global temperature of about -15 to -19 , where no life could be sustained. A thermal balance of energy exists where the Earth radiates about the same amount of energy into space as long-wave radiation that it absorbs from the sun. Our atmosphere allows the balance to be achieved because the trace gases trap and absorb heat. Other interactions are at play that may affect the Earths albedo or balance of energy. The amount or type of cloud cover, for instance, can alter the amount of energy being exchanged. Cirrus clouds reflect more of
