1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 36及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 The development of ravel under the oceans For millennia humans have been intrigued by what lies beneath the sea, and although sub-marine travel was attempted from time to time, it did not become commonplace until the middle of last century. Severa
2、l clever and innovative people had experimented with designs for submersible boats before then, but there was much loss of life and little success. There had long been use of a primitive diving bell for explorative purposes but it was as a war machine that the submarine came into its own. The first
3、development in the history of American submarines was a small submersible with a hand-cranked screw-like oar and a crew of one. It was built before the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) but was adapted for use against the British during this war. Although its pilot twice failed to fasten explos
4、ive devices to British ships before losing control of his vessel, he escaped harm. In 1800, an American inventor, Robert Fulton, designed an underwater machine that he called the Nautilus. His version brought in features that can still be found in some modern submarines, notably adjustable diving pl
5、anes for better underwater maneuvering, dual systems of propulsion, and a compressed air system that allowed it to stay down for about four hours without surfacing. Development of submersible vessels lagged a long way behind the continued progress in the design of surface ships until the American Ci
6、vil War (1861-1865) when both sides tried out various designs. One of those, called the Henley named after its financier rather than its inventor sank twice during training missions with 11 crew members losing their lives including Henley himself. Notwithstanding these failures, it was commissioned
7、again in 1864 to attack ship in Charleston Harbor. A torpedo was used to strike and scuttle the ship a first in naval history but the submarine never reappeared and once again the whole crew perished. Its potential had been recognized but there still remained the challenge of operating safely under
8、the water. The US Navy could appreciate the strategic benefits of having submarines in its fleet and held a competition to encourage design and construction of these underwater craft. The inventor, John Holland, won the competition and it was his sixth prototype, the Holland, that the navy bought an
9、d added to its fleet in 1900. This submarine was quite different from previous designs. It was propelled by a gasoline engine that turned a propeller while the vessel was on the surface. When it submerged, the engine ran a generator to charge batteries to operate an electric motor. The improved prop
10、ulsion methods were, unfortunately, highly dangerous. Not only is gasoline flammable and unstable, using it in the restricted environment of a submarine posed quite a hazard for the crewmen. There was another problem too: the batteries were not only heavy, cumbersome and inefficient but they were al
11、so extremely volatile. During the same period as Hollands efforts were being trialed, a German scientist by the name of Rudolf Diesel, created an engine which used fuel less explosive than gasoline and which could consequently be stored safely. Another advantage was that there was no necessity for a
12、n electric spark to ignite the fuel. These safety improvements combined with better fuel economy allowed Diesel engines to power a submarine for longer on the surface; however, batteries were still needed to supply energy for underwater operation. Although diesel-powered submarines were successful a
13、nd used by the US Navy for almost 50 years, the search for a single power source carried on. It wasnt long before the concept of nuclear power was realized in Germany and taken up by an American physicist, Ross Gunn, who could envisage it potential in submerse idles. A research team was put together
14、 to adapt the concept of nuclear power for use in submarines. In effect, modern nuclear submarines have on board small nuclear power plant which produces a great amount of energy. This is used to heat water and create steam which drives a huge turbine which turns the propeller. There have been many
15、adaptations and technological improvements made to submarines over they ears but the shape is basically the same. Obviously, it is a totally enclosed craft, cigar-shaped with narrowed ends. The outer hull is the largest part of the boat and forms the body. The inner hull is designed to resist the co
16、nsiderable water pressure and insulates the crew from the cold. This is where the crew works, eats and sleeps. It also contains the engine room and the apparatus that makes clean air and clean water. Between the hulls are the ballast tanks for controlling buoyancy. There is a tall fin-shaped sail th
17、at comes up out of the hull. Inside the sail is the conning tower and extending from this, to the fore, there is a periscope (through which the captain can see the sea and sky when the submarine is near the surface of the water). Sonar is used for navigation deep below the surface. The other project
18、ion from the conning tower is the radio antenna. Underwater, there are two controls for steering the submarine. The rudder(like a tail fin) controls side-to-side movement and diving planes influence rise and descent. There are two sets of diving planes: the forward sail planes and the stern planes,
19、which are located at the back with the rudder and propeller. Advancing technology will undoubtedly result in different shapes and modes of operation and it is quite possible that, in the future, submarines will be manned by robots or computer technology that communicates information to land bases vi
20、a satellite.Questions 1-6 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. 1 What kind of underwater device was used to investigate the ocean before submersible boats were invented? 2 What was the crewman
21、 of the first American-built submarine trying to do before his mission failed? 3 What gave the Nautilus the ability to remain submerged for a long time? 4 When was a submarine first used successfully to sink an enemy boat? 5 What new type of propulsion did the Holland use on top of the water? 6 For
22、what reason was Diesels fuel considered safer than Hollands? 6 Label the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet. 13 Vitamins To supplement or not? Mineral, vitamin, and anti-oxidant health supplements make up
23、a multi-billion dollar industry in the united states alone, but do they really work? Evidence suggests supplementation is clearly indicated in special circumstances, but can actually be harmful in others. For the general population, however, supplements have negligible or no impact on the prevention
24、 of common cancers, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, mortality or any other major indicators of health. In the pursuit of a longer, happier and healthier life, there are certainly better investments for most people than a tube of vitamin supplements. Particular sub-groups of the populatio
25、n can gain a proven benefit from supplementation. Folic acid has long been indicated as a prenatal supplement due to its assistance in fetal cell division and corresponding ability to prevent neural-tube birth defects. Since Canada and the United States decided to require white flour to be fortified
26、 with folic acid, spinal birth defects have plummeted by 75%, and rates of neuroblastoma (a ravaging form of infant cancer) are now 50% lower. In countries without such fortification, or for women on low-carbohydrate diets, a prenatal multivitamin could make the crucial difference. The United States
27、 Department of Health and Human services has concluded that the elderly may also benefit from extra vitamin D; calcium can help prevent bone fractures; and zinc and anti-oxidants can maintain vision while deflecting macular degeneration in people who would otherwise be likely to develop this afflict
28、ion. There is mounting evidence, however, for many people to steer clear of multivitamins. The National Institutes of Health has noted a “disturbing evidence of risk“ in tobacco users; beta-carotene, a common ingredient in multivitamins, was found over a six-year study to significantly contribute to
29、 higher lung cancer and mortality rates in smokers. Meanwhile, excessive vitamin A (a supplement often taken to boost the immune system) has been proven to increase womens risk of a hip fracture, and vitamin E, thought to improve cardiovascular health, was contraindicated in a study that demonstrate
30、d higher rates of congestive heart failure among such vitamin users. Antioxidant supplementation has no purpose nor does it achieve anything, according to the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Medical Letter Group has gone further in suggesting they may interfere
31、with treatment and promote some cancers. Antioxidants are generally regarded as counteracting the destructive effect of free radicals in the body, but according to the Medical Letters theory, free radicals may also serve the purpose of sending a powerful signal to the bodys immune system to fix the
32、damage. By taking supplements, we risk undermining that message and upsetting the balance of antioxidants and free radicals in the body. The supplements counteract the free radicals, the immune system is not placed on alert, and the disease could sneak through the gates. One problem with supplementa
33、tion by tablet is the poor record on digestibility. These tablets are often stocked with metal-based minerals that are essentially miniature rocks, and our bodies are unable digest them. Even the vitamin elements of these pills that are theoretically digestible are often unable to be effectively ext
34、racted by our bodies when they arrive in such a condensed form. In salt lake city, for example, over 150 gallons of vitamin and mineral pills are retrieved from the sewer filters each month. According to the physicians desk reference, only about 10%-20% of multivitamins are absorbed by the body. The
35、 National Advisory Board is even more damning, suggesting that every 100 mg of tablet corresponds to about 8.3 mg of blood concentration, although noting that this can still potentially perform a helpful role in some cases. In effect, for every $100 you spend on vitamin supplements, over $90 of that
36、 is quite literally flushed down the toilet. A final argument against multivitamins is the notion that they can lead peopleconsciously or not to the conclusion that supplementation fills in the gaps of an unhealthy diet and mops up afterwards, leaving their bodies none the wiser that instead of prep
37、aring a breakfast of fresh fruit and muesli, they popped a tiny capsule with coffee and a chocolate bar. In a seven year study, however, the Heart Protection study did not find any positive outcome whatsoever from multivitamins and concluded that while vitamins in the diet are important, multivitami
38、n tablets are safe but completely useless. There is evidently no shortcut around the task of buying, preparing and consuming fresh fruit and vegetables every day. Boosting, supplementing and fortifying products alter peoples very perception of what healthy food is; instead of heading for the fresh p
39、roduce aisle in the supermarket, they are likely to seek out sugary, processed foods with a handful of extra B vitamins as a healthy choice. We cannot supplement our way out of a bad diet. Questions 14-16 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 14-16 on your answer
40、 sheet. 14 The writer does not recommend multivitamin supplementation for （ A） pregnant women. （ B） young children. （ C） anyone prone to eye problems. （ D） old people. 15 According to the writer, Vitamin E has been shown to （ A） lead to heart problems. （ B） be good for heart health. （ C） support the
41、 immune system. （ D） have no effect. 16 The Medical Letter group believes antioxidant supplementation （ A） is ineffective in attacking free radicals. （ B） alerts the immune system to the presence of free radicals. （ C） attacks both free radicals and the immune system. （ D） prevents the immune system
42、 from responding to free radicals. 17 Some multivitamin tablets have indigestible ingredients. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 18 Some individual vitamins are better absorbed than others in a tablet form. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 19 Our bodies cannot distinguish food-based from supplement-bas
43、ed vitamins. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 20 Multivitamins can lead to poorer overall eating habits in a persons life. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 21 People typically know that fortified processed foods are not good for them. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 21 Classify the. following groups o
44、f people according to whether they believe A Supplementation may have a positive effect. B Supplementation may have a negative effect. C Supplementation has no effect. Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet. 22 The United States Department of Health and Human Service
45、s 23 National Institutes of Health 24 Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences 25 The National Advisory Board 26 Heart Protection group 26 The birth of suburbia A There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifest
46、yle; from the early 1800s various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localized ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Leavitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modern suburbia. During
47、World War II, Leavitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and ar
48、chitect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitz were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. B William Leavitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet and comfortable h
49、omes from returning Gils after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original tots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951 nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Leavitt as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. First(y, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Second(y,
