1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 40及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 Bioluminescence A In the pitch-black waters of the oceans aphetic zone depths from 1000 m to the sea floor good eye sight does not count for very much on its own. Caves, in addition, frequently present a similar problem: the complete absence of na
2、tural light at any time of the day. This has not stopped some organisms from turning these inhospitable environments into their homes, and in the process many have created their own forms of light by developing one of the stunning visual marvels of the biological universebioluminescence. B Many peop
3、le will encounter bioluminescence at some point in their life, typically in some form of glowworm, which is found on most continents. North and South America are home to the “firefly“, a glowing beetle which is known as a glow-worm during its larvae stage. Flightless glowing beetles and worms are al
4、so found in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Less common flies, centipedes, mollusks and snails have bioluminescent qualities as well, as do some mushrooms. The most dramatic examples of bioluminescence, however, are found deep below the oceans surface, where no sunlight can penetrate at all
5、. Here, anglerfish, cookie-cutter sharks, flashlight fish, lantern fish, gulper eels, viper fish and many other species have developed bioluminescence in unique and creative ways to facilitate their lives. C The natural uses of bioluminescence vary widely, and organisms have learnt to be very creati
6、ve with its, use. Fireflies employ bioluminescence primarily for reproductive means their flashing patterns advertise a firefiys readiness to breed. Some fish use it as a handy spotlight to help them locate prey. Cithers use it as a lure; the anglerfish, for example, dangles a luminescent flare that
7、 draws in gullible, smaller fishes which get snapped up by the anglerfish in an automated reflex. Sometimes bioluminescence is used to resist predators. Vampire squids eject a thick cloud of glowing liquid from the tip of its arms when threatened, which can be disorientating. Other species use a sin
8、gle, bright flash to temporarily blind their attacker, with an effect similar to that of an oncoming car which has not dipped its headlights. D Humans have captured and utilized bioluminescence by developing, over the last decade, a technology known as Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI). BL! involves the
9、 extraction of a DNA protein from a bioluminescent organism, and then the integration of this protein into a laboratory animal through transgeneticism. Researchers have been able to use aluminized pathogens and cancer cell lines to track the respective spread of infections and cancers. Through BLI,
10、cancers and infections can be observed without intervening in a way that affects their independent development. In other words, while an ultra-sensitive camera and bioluminescent proteins add a visual element, they do not disrupt or mutate the natural processes. As a result, when testing drugs and t
11、reatments, researchers are permitted a single perspective of a therapys progression. E Once scientists learn how to engineer bioluminescence and keep it stable in large quantities, a number of other human uses for it will become available. Glowing trees have been proposed as replacements for electri
12、c lighting along busy roads, for example, which would reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy sources. The same technology used in Christmas trees for the family home would also eliminate the fire danger from electrical fairy lights. It may also be possible for crops and plants to luminescent
13、when they require watering, and for meat and dairy products to “tell us“ when they have become contaminated by bacteria. In a similar way, forensic investigators could detect bacterial species on corpses through bioluminescence. Finally, there is the element of pure novelty. Childrens toys and stick
14、ers are often made with glow-in-the-dark qualities, and a biological form would allow rabbits, mice, fish, and other pets to glow as well. Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has five sections, A-E. Choose the correct headings for sections A-E from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i
15、-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Mushrooms that glow in the dark ii Bright creatures on land and in the sea iii Evolutions solution iv Cave-dwelling organisms v Future opportunities in biological engineering vi Natures gift to medicine vii Bioluminescence in humans viii Pur
16、poses of bioluminescence in the wild ix Luminescent pets 1 Section A 2 Section B 3 Section C 4 Section D 5 Section E 5 Choose FOUR letters, A-G. Write the correct letters in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. Which FOUR uses are listed for bioluminescence in nature? A ways of attracting food B tracing
17、the spread of diseases C mating signals D growing trees for street lighting E drug trials F defensive tactics G a torch to identify food 10 The luminescent fluid that a Vampire Squid emits has a _ effect on its predator. 11 In order to use bioluminescence in a trans-genetic environment, _ must first
18、 be removed from a bioluminescent creature. 12 One advantage of BLI is that it could allow researchers to see how a treatment is working without altering or disturbing _. 13 In the future,_ may be able to use bioluminescence to identify evidence on dead bodies. 13 CHANGES IN MALE BODY IMAGE A The pr
19、essures on women to look slender, youthful and attractive have been extensively documented, but changing expectations for womens bodies have varied widely. From voluptuous and curvy in the days of Marilyn Monroe, to slender and androgynous when Twiggy hit the London scene in the mid-1960s, and then
20、on to the towering Amazonian models of the 1980s and the “heroin chic“ and size-zero obsession of today, it is not just clothes that go in and out of fashion for women. The prevailing notion of the perfect body for men, however, has remained remarkably static: broad shoulders, a big chest and arms,
21、and rippling, visible abdominal muscles and powerful legs have long been the staple ingredients of a desirable male physique. B A growing body of evidence suggests this is changing, however. Root steins, a mannequin design company in Britain, has released its newest male model the home nouveau with
22、a cinched-in 27-inch waist. “To put that into perspective,“ says one female fashion reporter, “I had a 27-inch waist when I was thirteen.and I was really skinny.“ The company suggests that the home nouveau “redresses the prevailing beefcake figure by carving out a far more streamlined, sinuous silho
23、uette to match the edgier attitude of a new generation“. C Elsewhere in the fashion industry, the label American Apparel is releasing a line of trousers in sizes no larger than a 30-inch waist, which squeezes out most of the younger male market who have an average waistline over five inches larger.
24、Slender young men are naturally starting to dominate the catwalks and magazine pages as well. “No one wanted the big guys,“ model David Gandy has said, describing how his muscled physique was losing him jobs. “It was all the skinny, androgynous look. People would look at me very, very strangely when
25、 I went to castings.“ D Achieving such a physique can be unattainable for those without the natural genetic make-up. “I dont know that anyone would consider my body archetypal or as an exemplar to work towards,“ notes model Dave Micaville. “You couldnt aim for this; its defined by a vacuum of flesh,
26、 by what its not.“ Nevertheless, statistics suggest it is not just an obsession of models, celebrities and the media more and more ordinary men are prepared to go to great lengths for a slender body. One indication is the growing number of men who are discovering surgical reconstruction. Male breast
27、-reduction has become especially popular; in 2009 the year-on-year growth rate for this procedure rose to 44 percent in the United Kingdom. Liposuction also remains popular in the market for male body reconstructive surgery, with 35,000 such procedures being performed on men every year. E Additional
28、ly, more men now have eating disorders than ever before. These are characterized by normal eating habits, typically either the consumption of insufficient or excessive amounts of food. Eating disorders are detrimental to the physical and mental condition of people who suffer from them, and the desir
29、e to achieve unrealistic physiques has been implicated as a cause. In 1990 only 10% of people suffering from anorexia or bulimia were believed to be male, but this figure has climbed steadily to around one quarter today. Around two in five binge eaters are men. Women still make up the majority of th
30、ose afflicted by eating disorders, but the perception of it being a “girly“ problem has contributed to men being less likely to pursue treatment. In 2008, male eating disorders were thrust into the spotlight when former British Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, admitted to habitually gorging on
31、junk food and then inducing himself to vomit while in office. “I never admitted to this out of the shame and embarrassment,“ he said. “I found it difficult as a man like me to admit that I suffered from bulimia.“ F In some respects, the slim male silhouette seems to be complementing, rather than dis
32、placing, the G. I. Joe physique. Mens Health, one of the only titles to weather the floundering magazine market with sales increasing to a quarter of a million per issue, has a staple diet of bulky men on the cover who entice readers with the promise of big, powerful muscles. Advertising executives
33、and fashion editors suggest that in times of recession and political uncertainty, the more robust male body image once again becomes desirable. Academic research supports this claim, indicating that more “feminine“ features are desirable for men in comfortable and secure societies, while “masculine“
34、 physical traits are more attractive where survival comes back to the individual. A University of Aberdeen study, conducted using 4,500 women from over 30 countries, found a pronounced correlation between levels of public healthcare and the amount of effeminacy women preferred in their men. In Swede
35、n, the country considered to have the best healthcare, 68 percent of women preferred the men who were shown with feminine facial features. In Brazil, the country with the worst healthcare in the study, only 45 percent of women were so inclined. “The results suggest that as healthcare improves, more
36、masculine men fall out of favor,“ the researchers concluded. G Ultimately, columnist Polly Vernon has written, we are left with two polarized ideals of masculine beauty. One is the sleek, slender silhouette that exudes cutting-edge style and a wealthy, comfortable lifestyle. The other is the “strong
37、, muscular, austerity-resistant“ form that suggests a man can look after himself with his own bare hands. These ideals co-exist by pulling men in different directions and encouraging them to believe they must always be chasing physical perfection, while simultaneously destabilizing any firm notions
38、of what physical perfection requires. H As a result, attaining the ideal body becomes an ever more futile and time-consuming task. Vernon concludes that this means less time for the more important things in life, and both sexes should resist the compulsive obsession with beauty. Questions 14-20 Read
39、ing Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 an opinion on whether body image changes have positive or negative effects 15 a historical com
40、parison of gendered body images 16 a humiliating confession of overeating by a public figure 17 a cosmetic operation that has become increasingly popular 18 a health condition afflicting increasing numbers of men 19 the effect of changing body ideals on a male model 20 an explanation of how living s
41、tandards affect the desirability of male physiques 21 A thin body is achievable for men regardless of their genes. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 22 Male liposuction is more popular than male breast-reduction. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 23 Eating disorders harm the mind and body. （ A） YES （ B）
42、 NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 24 Women seek help for eating disorders more often than men. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 25 Mens Health has suffered from a downtime in magazine sales. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 26 As public healthcare improves men become more feminine. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 26
43、 EATS,SHOOTS AND LEAVES a book review The title of Eats, Shoots and Leaves refers to a famously misplaced comma in a wildlife manual that ended up suggesting a panda rather violently “eats, shoots and leaves“ instead of eating shoots and leaves. The author of this book, journalist Lynne Truss, is so
44、mething akin to a militant linguist, dedicating this “zero tolerance“ manifesto on grammar to the striking Bolshevik printers of St. Petersburg who, in demanding the same remuneration for punctuation as they received for letters, ended up setting in motion the first Russian Revolution. Some of the b
45、ook involves humorous attacks on erroneous punctuation. There is the confused Shakespearian thespian who inadvertently turns a frantic plea: “Go, get him surgeons!“ into the cheerful encouragement of “Go get him, surgeons!“ Street and shop signs have a ubiquitous presence. A bakery declares “FRESH D
46、ONUTS SOLD HERE“ and a florist curiously announces that “Pansys here!“ (Is she?). The shameless title of a Hollywood film Two Weeks Notice is reeled in for criticism “Would they similarly call it One Weeks Notice?“, Truss enquires-and sometimes, as in the case of signs promoting “ANTIQUES“ and “Pota
47、tos“ one questions whether we are bearing witness to new depths of grammar ignorance, or a postmodern caricature of atrocious punctuation. Eats, Shoots and leaves is not just a piece of comedy and ridicule, however, and Truss has plenty to offer on the question of proper grammar usage. If you have e
48、ver wondered whether it is acceptable to simply use an “elm dash” I in place of a comma the verdict from Truss is that you can. “The dash is less formal than the semicolon, which makes it more attractive, “ she suggests. “lt enhances conversational tone; and.it is capable of quite subtle effects.“ T
49、he author concludes, with characteristic wry condescension, that the elm dashs popularity largely rests on people knowing it is almost impossible to use incorrectly. Truss is a personal champion of the semicolon, a historically contentious punctuation mark elsewhere maligned by novelist Kurt Vonnegut Jr., as a “transvestite hermaphrodite representing absolutely nothing“. Coming to the semicolons defense, Truss suggests that, while it can certainly be over-used she refers to the dying wo
