1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 41及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 READING Having an abundance of stuff is a symptom of 21st Century materialism-people are conditioned by society to think that more is better but take heed: it can suck your energy and your time. An unruly assortment of stuff littering your room or
2、 your home can be both annoying and unsettling. Precious items and anything with real sentimental value should be stored carefully, of course, but clutter such as old receipts, outdated invitations, catalogues, your collection of trashy magazines and unwanted gifts should be disposed of. If you adde
3、d up the time spent looking for misplaced objects or sifting through unnecessary papers to find what you need, what would that amount to? There is a lot to be said for the old adage: a place for everything and everything in its place. This ancient organizing truism can help you get your life in orde
4、r and be free from clutter forever. Firstly, develop a system with a restricted series of options. Put all incoming material into your inbox at work. or whatever the equivalent is at home, then deal with the tasks one by one. Either do them immediately or priorities them into A, B or C tasks ensurin
5、g that the A tasks take precedence over all others. Another simple tip: find a home for everything. Before you toss something down on the countertop or sofa, ask yourself, Is that where it belongs? If it does not have a home, designate a place for that object and use the same spot every time. Label
6、boxes and containers, drawers and cupboards and, remember, procrastination is to be avoided at all costs. Stow belongings and equipment in their assigned places straight away. Get into the habit concentrate your energy on it until it becomes automatic. Clear off all flat surfaces like the desk in yo
7、ur office, the bench top in the kitchen or the bed in the bedroom. Be aware of transition stages, when you are moving from one task to another, and exploit this phase productively to clean and clear up. It is a good idea to have an evaluation now and then to review your organizing system and make ad
8、justments. Perhaps there is more to de-clutter or perhaps you need to rearrange items, for example, if they are stored in one room but you use them in another. Clutter is also categorized as anything that is not finished so, if you have incomplete projects, make time to get them over and done with.
9、Once you are clutter-free and well-organized, your life may change for the better. Fang shun principles discourage the accumulation of clutter as chi or energy cannot move freely around masses of material, causing stagnation and a breeding ground for negative energy. For harmony and productivity, ch
10、i has to be free flowing and unrestricted. (Interestingly, the word clutter comes from an Old English word which means to cause to become blocked or obscured.) Apparently, hoarding creates excessive yin energy which interferes with the natural flow and causes imbalance. Some of the consequences of t
11、his are purported to be poor concentration, stress, resentfulness and a lowered immune system. Clutter is stuck energy that affects people on all levels: physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. Clutter traps people in the past. it also shapes their self-image and others perception of the
12、m perhaps as neglected, unworthy, disorganized or ignored. If it is true that your surroundings reflect your inner self, then cleaning up clutter must surely bring positive change into your life. Call it fang shun or call it common sense: on a practical level, the accumulation of junk hinders cleani
13、ng and fosters dirt and bacteria. It creates chaos, obstructs new opportunities, takes up physical space and harms relationships in your life. So, why do people hoard? There have been many reasons posited as to why people collect and hang on to junk. Psychologists used to say it sprang from an impov
14、erished childhood with a scarcity of food and material possessions but more recently it has been argued that it arises from an adolescence deprived of emotional support and comfort. Fear obviously has a great deal to do with it, too: fear of not having enough; fear of letting go of the memories asso
15、ciated with the objects; or fear of loss of control or security. Perhaps egotism has a part to play in that people buy and accumulate material objects as a demonstration of their personal power. Others may do it as a form of self compensation to conceal unresolved emotional problems. Whatever the re
16、ason for it it is said that clutter in your home and in your life is disempowering, that it undermines your energy, erodes your spirit and holds you in the past It also thwarts financial prosperity. Aim for a harmonious and balanced flow of chi in your home and you may reap the rewards of a cleaner,
17、 more attractive, safer and nurturing place that is not only more comfortable but will allow you to pursue more effectively and successfully your true goals in life. Clean up and enjoy better health, wealth and happiness. Questions 1-5 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer
18、in Reading Passage 1 ? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write 1 Anything that causes untidiness in your dwelling should be thrown out. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 2 The ancient saying a place for everything and everything in its place is a good rule to follow in the 21 st Century. （ A） YES （ B
19、） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 3 Organizing systems should be limited to a set of no more than three options. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 4 It is a good idea to identify individual items with tags. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 5 Putting off things is a bad habit. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 Use _
20、constructively as a time for tidying up. 7 Any management scheme for orderliness will benefit from an occasional _. 8 Any unfinished undertaking may also be classified as _. 8 Fang shun is concerned with the flow of energy. There are many negative (9) of unbalanced chi Amassing a great deal of stuff
21、 holds people to the (10) and affects their self image. It is a matter of fact that a build-up of mess creates (11) but on another level it generates (12) People hoard junk for all sorts of reasons most of them psychological, such as fear, egotism or even as a kind of (13) , covering up various issu
22、es in their lives that have never been cleared up. 13 FLUORIDATION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES Water fluoridation is the process of releasing small amounts of fluoride into the public water supply as a way to reduce dental health problems. The process of reducing tooth decay through fluoridation is cle
23、arly understood, and research confirms water fluoridations effect on limiting instances of tooth decay. Nevertheless, fluoride is not harmless in all quantities. At levels moderately above those desired, it can result in something known as floozies, and at very high levels acute fluoride poisoning c
24、an occur. Fluorides function is to intervene in the demineralization mechanism of tooth decay. Demineralization is a process that begins when sugary carbohydrates are eaten, and organic acids are subsequently generated by bacteria within the dental plaque. When a certain level of acidity is produced
25、(pH in the oral cavity dips below 5.5), the acids waste away the main component of tooth enamel, a substance known as carbonated hydro Apatite. If this erosion persists for months and years without adequate demineralization, then tooth decay occurs, and dental cavities form. Fluoride can greatly ass
26、ist the mouth with the demineralization of decaying enamel. Fluoridation creates fluoride ions in saliva that can restore some of the lost mineral content from enamel after sugary acids have left the oral cavity. When these ions exist in plaque fluid alongside dissolved carbonated hydro apatite, and
27、 the pH is higher than 4.5, a fluorapatite veneer covers the dental enamel. This veneer has the benefit of being more acid-resistant than the tooths hydroxyl apatite, and is formed more quickly than by the natural demineralization mechanism. Blood plasma transports any fluoride that has been ingeste
28、d to calcium-rich areas such as the teeth, supporting dental infrastructure from the inside as well. The U.S. Center for Disease Control has listed fluoridation of the water supply as one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. While tooth decay is rarely a threat to mortalit
29、y, it is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally and affects 60-90 percent of children across industrialized countries. Research suggests that the presence of fluoride in saliva at all times (but in small quantities) is the single most effective preventative measure of tooth decay. Water
30、 fluoridation is perfectly geared towards helping to ensure this. Drinking water is the largest source of fluoride for people globally, and evidence demonstrates its efficacy in reducing cavities, particularly among poorer households without regular access to dentists. Although not considered to be
31、an essential ingredient (a substance necessary to perpetuate human life and biological development), fluoride can be considered a nutrient that counteracts harmful processes from lifestyle or environmental factors. Nevertheless, in doses higher than those desirable, a side effect known as dental flo
32、ozies can occur. Its primary symptoms pale streaking across the incisors are considered a cosmetic problem for many people. The key risk period for developing floozies is ages one to four, with any likelihood of getting it having depleted by age eight. Young children are therefore encouraged to have
33、 their fluoride ingestion monitored reduction of fluoride in infant formula and childrens toothpaste has assisted this process. Far more serious than mild dental floozies, however, yet much rarer, is a condition known as acute fluoride poisoning. This does not happen very often, as it is unlikely th
34、at most people would ever come into contact with large amounts of fluoride. When it does happen, it is typically a consequence of water technicians accidentally allowing excess amounts of fluoride into the system, which is then ingested by an unsuspecting public. In one of the worst instances of flu
35、oride poisoning, 262 people became ill and one person died in Alaska in 1992. During 2010 in Asheboro, North Carolina, 60 gallons of fluoride were released into the water supply in 90 minutes; this amount was intended for release over a 24-hour period. These incidents highlight the importance of car
36、eful monitoring to ensure public safety. Not everyone supports water fluoridation. Paul Connect, a chemistry professor from St. Lawrence University, has listed many reasons to oppose the practice. Firstly, he suggests, studies that have tracked the effects of discontinuing fluoridation in communitie
37、s from Canada, Germany, Cuba and Finland have found that instances of dental decay actually dropped considerably as a result of halting the practice. Secondly, Connect finds that once water supplies are fluoridated it is impossible to control individual doses. This is because some people (manual lab
38、orers, athletes, diabetics, and people with kidney disease) drink more water than others, and we also receive fluoride from sources other than tap water. Connect also expresses concern for purely ethical reasons, believing fluoridation to contradict the medical ethic of informed consent. Informed co
39、nsent requires patients to be fully informed about medical operations before consenting to them fluoridation evades this process. Finally, Connect points to the World Health Organizations acknowledgement that fluorides benefits are primarily achieved topically, that is, applied to the surface of tee
40、th, rather than systemically (ingested). Questions 14-19 Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 4- 9 on your answer sheet. 14 What does fluoridation affect in order to prevent tooth decay? 15 What do dental bacteria produ
41、ce? 16 When mouth pH goes below 5.5, what is dissolved? 17 What does fluoridation form in the mouth to restore mineral density in teeth? 18 What is the coating that demineralization forms on teeth? 19 Through what mechanism does swallowed fluoride go to teeth? 19 Complete each sentence with the corr
42、ect ending, A-J, below. Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet. A is the way most people around the world get fluoride. B is a threat to public safety. C can occur as a result of mishaps in adding fluoride to water. D can be regarded as nutritious. E is a widespread healt
43、h issue in developed countries. F is not as common in infants. G is the best protection against tooth decay. H is required to sustain our material survival and biological growth. I is visible as faint lines across the teeth. J is difficult to achieve amongst poorer people. 20 Tooth decay 21 A consta
44、nt, low level of fluoride in the mouth 22 Drinking water 23 Dental floozies 24 Acute fluoride poisoning 24 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements form part of Cornetts opposition to fluoridation? A Fluoridation is proven
45、to be poisonous. B Individuals react differently to fluoride. C People may be fluoridated against their knowledge or will. D Drinking water is not the most effective way to fluoridate teeth. E When fluoridation stops, occurrences of tooth decay increase only slightly. 26 Employment, Underemployment
46、and Unemployment The last few decades have been turbulent for the global employment market, particularly in post- industrial countries. Around one third of the OFCD labor force is unemployed, and global unemployment figures reached a historical peak of 185.9 million workers in 2003. Beyond this, a p
47、henomenon known as underemployment is becoming the normative practice in many industries. Once considered a passing aberration, underemployment is now an entrenched and seemingly intractable feature of the economy that involves people scraping by in precarious and temporary forms of work typically c
48、asual, seasonal, or fixed-term work and often on part-time contracts. Many scholars have offered their own theorizations of the employment crisis and put forward some possible solutions. Certainly, almost all of these understandings differ over the finer analytical details, but more significantly th
49、ere is almost no consensus around what anchors the disruptive changes to employment patterns. A majority of theorists stick to traditional models of unemployment, and argue that policy-makers in the West should now focus on finding salvation in the knowledge economy, but others find this to be a mythical possibility. Broadly, it is too soon to say who is the closest to being correct, but history is sure to pick a winner. One common denominator amongst nearly every scholar is an unwillingness to
