1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 56及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 AIRPORTS ON WATERRiver deltas are difficult places for map makers. The river builds them up, the sea wears them down; their outlines are always changing. The changes in Chinas Pearl River delta, however, are more dramatic than these natural fluctu
2、ations. An island six kilometres long and with a total area of 1248 hectares is being created there. And the civil engineers are as interested in performance as in speed and size. This is a bit of the delta that they want to endure. The new island of Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kongs new airport,
3、 is 83% complete. The giant dumper trucks rumbling across it will have finished their job by the middle of this year and the airport itself will be built at a similarly breakneck pace. As Chek Lap Kok rises, however, another new Asian island is sinking back into the sea. This is a 520-hectare island
4、 built in Osaka Bay, Japan, that serves as the platform for the new Kansai airport. Chek Lap Kok was built in a different way, and thus hopes to avoid the same sinking fate. The usual way to reclaim land is to pile sand rock on to the seabed. When the seabed oozes with mud, this is rather like placi
5、ng a textbook on a wet sponge: the weight squeezes the water out, causing both water and sponge to settle lower. The settlement is rarely even: different parts sink at different rates. So buildings, pipes, roads and so on tend to buckle and crack. You can engineer around these problems, or you can e
6、ngineer them out. Kansai took the first approach; Chek Lap Kok is taking the second. The differences are both political and geological. Kansai was supposed to be built just one kilometre offshore, where the seabed is quite solid. Fishermen protested, and the site was shifted a further five kilometre
7、s. That put it in deeper water(around 20 metres)and above a seabed that consisted of 20 metres of soft alluvial silt and mud deposits. Worse, below it was a not-very-firm glacial deposit hundreds of metres thick. The Kansai builders recognised that settlement was inevitable. Sand was driven into the
8、 seabed to strengthen it before the landfill was piled on top, in an attempt to slow the process; but this has not been as effective as had been hoped. To cope with settlement, Kansais giant terminal is supported on 900 pillars. Each of them can be individually jacked up, allowing wedges to be added
9、 underneath. That is meant to keep the building level. But it could be a tricky task. Conditions are different at Chek Lap Kok. There was some land there to begin with, the original little island of Chek Lap Kok and a smaller outcrop called Lam Chau. Between them, these two outcrops of hard, weather
10、ed granite make up a quarter of the new islands surface area. Unfortunately, between the islands there was a layer of soft mud, 27 metres thick in places. According to Frans Uiterwijk, a Dutchman who is the projects reclamation director, it would have been possible to leave this mud below the reclai
11、med land, and to deal with the resulting settlement by the Kansai method. But the consortium that won the contract for the island opted for a more aggressive approach. It assembled the worlds largest fleet of dredgers, which sucked up 150m cubic metres of clay and mud and dumped it in deeper waters.
12、 At the same time, sand was dredged from the waters and piled on top of the layer of stiff clay that the massive dredging had laid bare. Nor was the sand the only thing used. The original granite island which had hills up to 120 metres high was drilled and blasted into boulders no bigger than two me
13、tres in diameter. This provided 70m cubic metres of granite to add to the islands foundations. Because the heap of boulders does not fill the space perfectly, this represents the equivalent of 105m cubic metres of landfill. Most of the rock will become the foundations for the airports runways and it
14、s taxiways. The sand dredged from the waters will also be used to provide a two-metre capping layer over the granite platform. This makes it easier for utilities to dig trenches -granite is unyielding stuff. Most of the terminal buildings will be placed above the site of the existing island. Only a
15、limited amount of pile-driving is needed to support building foundations above softer areas. The completed island will be six to seven metres above sea level. In all, 350m cubic metres of material will have been moved. And much of it, like the overloads, has to be moved several times before reaching
16、 its final resting place. For example, there has to be a motorway capable of carrying 150-tonne dump-trucks; and there has to be a raised area for the 15,000 construction workers. These are temporary; they will be removed when the airport is finished. The airport, though, is here to stay. To protect
17、 it, the new coastline is being bolstered with a formidable twelve kilometres of sea defences. The brunt of a typhoon will be deflected by the neighbouring island of Lan-tau; the sea walls should guard against the rest. Gentler but more persistent bad weather the downpours of the summer monsoon is a
18、lso being taken into account. A mat-like material called geo-textile is being laid across the island to separate the rock and sand layers. That will stop sand particles from being washed into the rock voids, and so causing further settlement. This island is being built never to be sunk.Questions 1-5
19、Classify the following statements as applying to(A)Chek Lap Kok airport only(B)Kansai airport only(C)Both airportsWrite the appropriate letters A C in boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet. 1 having an area of over 1000 hectares 2 built in a river delta 3 built in the open sea 4 built by reclaiming land
20、5 built using conventional methods of reclamation 5 Complete the labels on Diagam B below.Choose your answers from the box below the diagram and write them in boxes 6 - 9 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words /phrases than spaces, so you will not use them all.DIAGRAM ACross-section of the ori
21、ginal area around Chek Lap Kok before work beganDIAGRAM BCross-section of the same area at the time the article was writtengranite runways and taxiwaysmud waterterminal building site stiff clay sand 9 Complete the summary below. Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in bo
22、xes 10 13 on your answer sheet. NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them all. The island will be partially protected from storms by【 R10】 _and also by【 R11】_Further settlement caused by【 R12】 _will be prevented by the use of【 R13】 _ construction workers coastline dump-trucks geo
23、textile Lantau Island motorway rainfall rock and sand rock voids sea walls typhoons 10 【 R10】 11 【 R11】 12 【 R12】 13 【 R13】 13 Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B - F from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers(/ - IX)in boxes 14 18 on your answer sheet. NB There ar
24、e more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all. List of Headings i Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion ii Holistic approach to health ill The primary importance of environmental factors iV Healthy lifestyles approach to health V Changes in concepts of health in Western
25、 society Vi Prevention of diseases and illness Vii Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion Viii Definition of health in medical terms iX Socio-ecological view of health Example Answer Paragraph A V 14 Paragraph B 15 Paragraph C 16 Paragraph D 17 Paragraph E 18 Paragraph F 18 Changing our Understanding o
26、f Health A The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways. B
27、For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of
28、disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing. C In the late 1940s the World
29、 Health Organistation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease(WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically(mind/body/spirit)and no
30、t just in physical terms. D The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating
31、 habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some(the wealthy members of
32、 society), people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health largely ignored the social and enviro
33、nmental conditions affecting the health of people. E During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environme
34、ntal contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people from 38 countries agreed and de
35、clared that: The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable re sources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a se cure foundation in these basic requirements.(WHO, 1986) It is clear from
36、this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource depletion, s
37、ocial alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them wh
38、ich determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus. F At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promoti
39、on based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that: Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal devel opment a
40、nd an important dimension of quality of life. Political, econom ic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it.(WHO, 1986) The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents f
41、undamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health(WHO, 1986). Questions 19-22 Using NO MORE THAN THREE WO
42、RDS from the passage, answer the following questions. Write your answers in boxes 19 - 22 on your answer sheet. 19 In which year did the World Health Organisation define health in terms of mental, physical and social well-being? 20 Which members of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyles
43、approach to health? 21 Name the three broad areas which relate to peoples health, according to the socioecological view of health. 22 During which decade were lifestyle risks seen as the major contributors to poor health? 22 Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2
44、 ? In boxes 23 - 27 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage 23 Doctors have been instrumental in improving living standards in Western society. （ A） YES （ B
45、） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 24 The approach to health during the 1970s included the introduction of health awareness programs. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 25 The socio-ecological view of health recognises that lifestyle habits and the provision of adequate health care are critical factors governing heal
46、th. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 26 The principles of the Ottawa Charter are considered to be out of date in the 1990s. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 27 In recent years a number of additional countries have subscribed to the Ottawa Charter. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 27 You should spend ab
47、out 20 minutes on Questions 28 - 40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. CHILDRENS THINKING One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two behaviour segments in some novel way, never actually performed before, so
48、 as to reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hulls principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage s
49、equence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. Given the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble.(All they had to do was
