1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 72及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. How much higher? How much faster? Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the In
2、ternational Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events that require a relatively brief, explosive rel
3、ease of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump -times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic, At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Moroccos Khalid Khannouc
4、hi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics.The athlete must choose his parents carefully says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited a
5、dage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics - and greater rewards to tempt athletes - it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can b
6、e identified early. Was there someone like sprinter Michael Johnson in the 1920s? Dapena asks. Im sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised.Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California Stat
7、e University at Fullerton, maintains that genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than weve been going. Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are running on their ge
8、netics. By applying more scientific methods, theyre going to go much faster. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyo-metrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.Whereas most exercises are designed to build up s
9、trength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power - the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off.
10、Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements, Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few c
11、oaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country, Yessis asserts, they would be breakin
12、g records left and right. He will not predict by how much, however: Exactly what the limits are its hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve.One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of
13、the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newtons laws to these motions,we can say that this athletes run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms stron
14、gly enough during take-off, says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relativel
15、y unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechani
16、cs specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipm
17、ent. In Fosburys case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosburys time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the
18、 resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. Once you study athletics, you learn that its a vexingly complex issue, says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher; fasten longer So many variables enter i
19、nto the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. Weve got a long way to go. For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if
20、 the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 Modern official athletic records date from about 1900. （ A）真 （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 2 There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth cen
21、tury. （ A）真 （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 3 Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy. （ A）真 （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 4 Improvements in athletic performance can be fully explained by genetics. （ A）真 （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 5 The parents of top athletes have often been su
22、ccessful athletes themselves. （ A）真 （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age. （ A）真 （ B）假 （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Use ONE WORD for each answer.
23、 Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet. 7 According to Professor Yessis, American runners are relying for their current success on 8 Yessis describes a training approach from the former Soviet Union that aims to develop an athletes_ 9 Yessis links an inadequate diet to_ 10 Yessis cla
24、ims that the key to setting new records is better_ 11 Biomechanics films are proving particularly useful because they enable trainers to （ A） highlight areas for improvement in athletes. （ B） assess the fitness levels of athletes. （ C） select top athletes. （ D） predict the success of athletes. 12 Bi
25、omechanics specialists used theoretical models to （ A） soften the Fosbury flop. （ B） create the Fosbury flop. （ C） correct the Fosbury flop. （ D） explain the Fosbury flop. 13 John S. Raglin believes our current knowledge of athletics is （ A） mistaken. （ B） basic. （ C） diverse. （ D） theoretical. 13 T
26、HE NATURE AND AIMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. It is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East, it is working with living Inuit in the
27、 snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman Britain. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. And it is the conservation of the worlds cultural heritage against looting and careless harm.Archaeo
28、logy, then, is both a physical activity out in the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the study or laboratory. That is part of its great attraction. The rich mixture of danger and detective work has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction writers and film-makers, from Agatha Christie with Mu
29、rder in Mesopotamia to Stephen Spielberg with Indiana Jones. However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest - the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.But how does archaeology relate to disciplines such as anthropology
30、 and history, that are also concerned with the human story? Is archaeology itself a science? And what are the responsibilities of the archaeologist in todays world?Anthropology, at its broadest, is the study of humanity - our physical characteristics as animals and our unique non-biological characte
31、ristics that we call culture. Culture in this sense includes what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarised in 1871 as knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Anthropologists also use the term culture in a more restricte
32、d sense when they refer to the culture of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other societies. Anthropology is thus a broad discipline - so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical a
33、nthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology.Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved. Cultural anthropology - or social anthropology - analyses human culture and society. Two
34、 of its branches are ethnography(the study at first hand of individual living cultures)and ethnology(which sets out to compare cultures using ethnographic evidence to derive general principles about human society).Archaeology is the past tense of cultural anthropology. Whereas cultural anthropologis
35、ts will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains - the buildings, tools, and other artefacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former socie
36、ties.Nevertheless, one of the most important tasks for the archaeologist today is to know how to interpret material culture in human terms. How were those pots used? Why are some dwellings round and others square? Here the methods of archaeology and ethnography overlap. Archaeologists in recent deca
37、des have developed ethnoarchaeology, where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture - how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on. Moreover, ar
38、chaeology has an active role to play in the field of conservation. Heritage studies constitutes a developing field, where it is realised that the worlds cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different people.If, then, archaeology deals with the past, in what
39、way does it differ from history? In the broadest sense, just as archaeology is an aspect of anthropology, so too is it a part of history - where we mean the whole history of humankind from its beginnings over three million years ago. Indeed, for more than ninety-nine per cent of that huge span of ti
40、me, archaeology - the study of past material culture - is the only significant source of information. Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.A commonly drawn distinction is be
41、tween pre-history, i.e. the period before written records -and history in the narrow sense, meaning the study of the past using written evidence. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient d
42、ividing line that recognises the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a histor
43、ical discipline. But it differs from the study of written history in a fundamental way. The material the archaeologist finds does not tell us directly what to think. Historical records make statements, offer opinions and pass judgements. The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, te
44、ll us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summari
45、se the pattern observed in the data. The archaeologist has to develop a picture of the past, just as the scientist has to develop a coherent view of the natural world.Questions 14-19Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-19 on your answer she
46、et writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 14 Archaeology involves creativity as well as careful investigative work. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 15
47、 Archaeologists must be able to translate texts from ancient languages. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 16 Movies give a realistic picture of the work of archaeologists. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 17 Anthropologists define culture in more than one way. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 18 Archaeo
48、logy is a more demanding field of study than anthropology. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 19 The history of Europe has been documented since 3000 BC. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 19 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet. The list below gives some stat
49、ements about anthropology. Which TWO statements are mentioned by the writer of the text? A It is important for government planners. B It is a continually growing field of study. C It often involves long periods of fieldwork. D It is subdivided for study purposes. E It studies human evolutionary patterns. 21 Choose TWO letters A-E. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. The list below gives some of the tasks of an archaeologist. Which TWO of these tasks are mentioned by the writer of the text? A examining an
