1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 82及答案与解析 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Green virtues of green sand Revolution in glass recycling could help keep water clean. A For the past 100 years special high grade white sand, dug from the ground at Leighton Buzzar
2、d in the UK, has been used to filter tap water to remove bacteria and impurities but this may no longer be necessary. A new factory that turns used wine bottles into green sand could revolutionise the recycling industry and help to filter Britains drinking water. Backed by $1.6m from the European Un
3、ion and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs(Defra), a company based in Scotland is building the factory, which will turn beverage bottles back into the sand from which they were made in the first place. The green sand has already been successfully tested by water companies and is
4、being used in 50 swimming pools in Scotland to keep the water clean. B The idea is not only to avoid using up an increasingly scarce natural resource, sand, but also to solve a crisis in the recycling industry. Britain uses 5.5m tonnes of glass a year, but recycles only 750,000 tonnes of it. The pro
5、blem is that half the green bottle glass in Britain is originally from imported wine and beer bottles. Because there is so much of it, and it is used less in domestic production than other types, green glass is worth only $25 a tonne. Clear glass, which is melted down and used for whisky bottles, ma
6、inly for export, is worth double that amount. C Howard Dryden, a scientist and managing director of the company, Dryden Aqua, of Bonnyrigg, near Edinburgh, has spent six years working on the product he calls Active Filtration Media, or AFM. He concedes that he has given what is basically recycled gl
7、ass a fancy name to remove the stigma of what most people would regard as an inferior product. He says he needs bottles that have already contained drinkable liquids to be sure that drinking water filtered through the AFM would not be contaminated. Crushed down beverage glass has fewer impurities th
8、an real sand and it performed better in trials. The fact is that tests show that AFM does the job better than sand, it is easier to clean and reuse and has all sorts of properties that make it ideal for other applications, he claimed. D The factory is designed to produce 100 tonnes of AFM a day, alt
9、hough Mr. Dryden regards this as a large-scale pilot project rather than full production. Current estimates of the UK market for this glass for filtering drinking water, sewage, industrial water, swimming pools and fish farming are between 175,000 to 217,000 tonnes a year, which will use up most of
10、the glass available near the factory. So he intends to build five or six factories in cities where there are large quantities of bottles, in order to cut down on transport costs. E The current factory will be completed this month and is expected to go into full production on January 14th next year.
11、Once it is providing a regular product, the governments drinking water inspectorate will be asked to perform tests and approve it for widespread use by water companies. A Defra spokesman said it was hoped that AFM could meet approval within six months. The only problem that they could foresee was po
12、ssible contamination if some glass came from sources other than beverage bottles. F Among those who have tested the glass already is Caroline Fitzpatrick of the civil and environmental engineering department of University College London. We have looked at a number of batches and it appears to do the
13、 job, she said. Basically, sand is made of glass and Mr. Dryden is turning bottles back into sand. It seems a straightforward idea and there is no reason we can think of why it would not work. Since glass from wine bottles and other beverages has no impurities and clearly did not leach any substance
14、s into the contents of the bottles, there was no reason to believe there would be a problem, Dr. Fitzpatrick added. G Mr. Dryden has set up a network of agents round the world to sell AFM. It is already in use in central America to filter water on banana plantations where the fruit has to be washed
15、before being despatched to European markets. It is also in use in sewage works to filter water before it is returned to rivers, something which is becoming legally necessary across the European Union because of tighter regulations on sewage works. So there are a great number of applications involvin
16、g cleaning up water. Currently, however, AFM costs $670 a tonne, about four times as much as good quality sand. But that is because we havent got large-scale production. Obviously, when we get going it will cost a lot less, and be competitive with sand in price as well, Mr. Dryden said. I believe it
17、 performs better and lasts longer than sand, so it is going to be better value too. H If AFM takes off as a product it will be a big boost for the government agency which is charged with finding a market for recycled products. Crushed glass is already being used in road surfacing and in making tiles
18、 and bricks. Similarly, AFM could prove to have a widespread use and give green glass a cash value. Questions 1-10 Reading Passage 1 has 8 paragraphs labelled A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-10 on your answer sheet. NB: You may use any
19、 letter more than once. 1 a description of plans to expand production of AFM 2 the identification of a potential danger in the raw material for AFM 3 an example of AFM use in the export market 4 a comparison of the value of green glass and other types of glass 5 a list of potential applications of A
20、FM in the domestic market 6 the conclusions drawn from laboratory checks on the process of AFM production 7 identification of current funding for the production of green sand 8 an explanation of the chosen brand name for crushed green glass 9 a description of plans for exporting AFM 10 a description
21、 of what has to happen before AFM is accepted for general use 10 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. Green sand The use of crushed green glass(AFM)may have two significant impacts: It may
22、help to save a diminishing 【 R11】 _while at the same time solving a major problem for the 【 R12】 _in the UK. However, according to Howard Dryden, only glass from bottles that have been used for 【 R13】 _can be used in the production process. AFM is more effective than 【 R14】 _as a water filter, and a
23、lso has other uses. 11 【 R11】 12 【 R12】 13 【 R13】 14 【 R14】 14 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. NATURAL CHOICE Coffee and chocolate Whats the connection between your morning coffee, wintering North American birds and the cool shade of
24、a tree? Actually, quite a lot, says Simon Birch. When scientists from Londons Natural History Museum descended on the coffee farms of the tiny Central American republic of El Salvador, they were astonished to find such diversity of insect and plant species. During 18 months work on 12 farms, they fo
25、und a third more species of parasitic wasp than are known to exist in the whole country of Costa Rica. They described four new species and are aware of a fifth. On 24 farms they found nearly 300 species of tree when they had expected to find about 100. El Salvador has lost much of its natural forest
26、, with coffee farms covering nearly 10% of the country. Most of them use the shade-grown method of production, which utilises a semi-natural forest ecosystem. Alex Munro, the museums botanist on the expedition, says, Our findings amazed our insect specialist. Theres a very sophisticated food web pre
27、sent. The wasps, for instance, may depend on specific species of tree. Its the same the world over. Species diversity is much higher where coffee is grown in shade conditions. In addition, coffee(and chocolate)is usually grown in tropical rainforest regions that are biodiversity hotspots. These habi
28、tats support up to 70% of the planets plant and animal species, and so the production methods of cocoa and coffee can have a hugely significant impact, explains Dr. Paul Donald of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. So what does shade-grown mean, and why is it good for wildlife? Most of t
29、he worlds coffee is produced by poor farmers in the developing world. Traditionally they have grown coffee(and cocoa)under the shade of selectively thinned tracts of rain forest in a genuinely sustainable form of farming. Leaf fall from the canopy provides a supply of nutrients and acts as a mulch t
30、hat suppresses weeds. The insects that live in the canopy pollinate the cocoa and coffee and prey on pests. The trees also provide farmers with fruit and wood for fuel. Bird diversity in shade-grown coffee plantations rivals that found in natural forests in the same region, says Robert Rice from the
31、 Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. In Ghana, West Africa, one of the worlds biggest producers of cocoa 90% of the cocoa is grown under shade, and these forest plantations are a vital habitat for wintering European migrant birds. In the same way, the coffee forests of Central and South America are a
32、 refuge for wintering North American migrants. More recently, a combination of the collapse in the world market for coffee and cocoa and a drive to increase yields by producer countries has led to huge swathes of shade-grown coffee and cocoa being cleared to make way for a highly intensive, monocult
33、ure pattern of production known as full sun. But this system not only reduces the diversity of flora and fauna, it also requires huge amounts of pesticides and fertilisers. In Cote dlvoire, which produces more than half the worlds cocoa, more than a third of the crop is now grown in full-sun conditi
34、ons. The loggers have been busy in the Americas too, where nearly 70% of all Colombian coffee is now produced using full-sun production. One study carried out in Colombia and Mexico found that, compared with shade coffee, full-sun plantations have 95%)fewer species of birds. In El Salvador, Alex Mun
35、ro says shade-coffee farms have a cultural as well as ecological significance and people are not happy to see them go. But the financial pressures are great, and few of these coffee farms make much money. One farm we studied, a cooperative of 100 families, made just $10,000 a year $100 per family an
36、d thats not taking labour costs into account. The loss of shade-coffee forests has so alarmed a number of North American wildlife organisations that theyre now harnessing consumer power to help save these threatened habitats. They are promoting a certification system that can indicate to consumers t
37、hat the beans have been grown on shade plantations. Bird-friendly coffee, for instance, is marketed by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Centre. The idea is that the small extra cost is passed directly on to the coffee farmers as a financial incentive to maintain their shade-coffee farms. Not all conse
38、rvationists agree with such measures, however. Some say certification could be leading to the loss not preservation of natural forests. John Rappole of the Smithsonian Conservation and Research Centre, for example, argues that shade-grown marketing provides an incentive to convert existing areas of
39、primary forest that are too remote or steep to be converted profitably to other forms of cultivation into shade-coffee plantations. Other conservationists, such as Stacey Philpott and colleagues, argue the case for shade coffee. But there are different types of shade growing. Those used by subsisten
40、ce farmers are virtually identical to natural forest(and have a corresponding diversity), while systems that use coffee plants as the understorey and cacao or citrus trees as the overstorey may be no more diverse than full-sun farms. Certification procedures need to distinguish between the two, and
41、Ms. Philpott argues that as long as the process is rigorous and offers financial gains to the producers, shade growing does benefit the environment. Questions 15-19 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if t
42、he statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 15 More species survive on the farms studied by the researchers than in the natural El Salvador forests. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 16 Nearly three-quarte
43、rs of the Earths wildlife species can be found in shade-coffee plantations. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 17 Farmers in El Salvador who have tried both methods prefer shade-grown plantations. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 18 Shade plantations are important for migrating birds in both Afr
44、ica and the Americas. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 19 Full-sun cultivation can increase the costs of farming. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 19 Look at the following opinions(Questions 20-23)and the list of people below. Match each opinion to the person credited with it. Write the correc
45、t letter A-E in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet. NB: You can write any letter more than once. List of people A Alex Munroe B Paul Donald C Robert Rice D John Rappole E Stacey Philpott 20 Encouraging shade growing may lead to farmers using the natural forest for their plantations. 21 If shade-coffee
46、 farms match the right criteria, they can be good for wildlife. 22 There may be as many species of bird found on shade farms in a particular area, as in natural habitats there. 23 Currently, many shade-coffee farmers earn very little. 23 Classify the features described below as applying to A the sha
47、de-grown method B the full-sun method C both shade-grown and full-sun methods Write the correct letter A-C in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet. 24 can be used on either coffee or cocoa plantations 25 is expected to produce bigger crops 26 documentation may be used to encourage sales 27 can reduce wi
48、ldlife diversity 27 Painters of time The worlds fascination with the mystique of Australian Aboriginal art. Emmanuel de Roux A The works of Aboriginal artists are now much in demand throughout the world, and not just in Australia, where they are already fully recognised: the National Museum of Austr
49、alia, which opened in Canberra in 2001, designated 40% of its exhibition space to works by Aborigines. In Europe their art is being exhibited at a museum in Lyon, France, while the future Quai Branly museum in Paris which will be devoted to arts and civilisations of Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas plans to commission frescoes by artists from Australia. B Their artistic movement began about 30 years ago, but its roots go back to time immemorial. All the works refer to the founding myth
