1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 83及答案与解析 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Sustainable architecture lessons from the ant Termite mounds were the inspiration for an innovative design in sustainable living. Africa owes its termite mounds a lot. Trees and shr
2、ubs take root in them. Prospectors mine them, looking for specks of gold carried up by termites from hundreds of metres below. And of course, they are a special treat to aardvarks and other insectivores. Now, Africa is paying an offbeat tribute to these towers of mud. The extraordinary Eastgate Buil
3、ding in Harare, Zimbabwes capital city, is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound. Termites in Zimbabwe build gigantic mounds inside which they farm a fungus that is their primary food source. This must be kept at exactly 30.5C, while
4、 the temperatures on the African veld outside can range from 1.5C at night only just above freezing to a baking hot 40C during the day. The termites achieve this remarkable feat by building a system of vents in the mound. Those at the base lead down into chambers cooled by wet mud carried up from wa
5、ter tables far below, and others lead up through a flue to the peak of the mound. By constantly opening and closing these heating and cooling vents over the course of the day the termites succeed in keeping the temperature constant in spite of the wide fluctuations outside. Architect Mick Pearce use
6、d precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building, which has no air conditioning and virtually no heating. The building the countrys largest commercial and shopping complex uses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building its size. These efficiencies translated directly t
7、o the bottom line: the Eastgates owners saved $3.5 million on a $36 million building because an air-conditioning plant didnt have to be imported. These savings were also passed on to tenants: rents are 20% lower than in a new building next door. The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridge
8、s across a shady, glass-roofed atrium open to the breezes. Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium, blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents. As it rises and warms, it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exits through forty
9、-eight brick chimneys. To keep the harsh, high veld sun from heating the interior, no more than 25% of the outside is glass, and all the windows are screened by cement arches that jut out more than a metre. During summers cool nights, big fans flush air through the building seven times an hour to ch
10、ill the hollow floors. By day, smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building, to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors. For winter days, there are small heaters in the vents. This is all possible only because Harare is 1, 600 feet above sea level, has c
11、loudless skies, little humidity and rapid temperature swings days as warm as 31C commonly drop to 14C at night. You couldnt do this in New York, with its fantastically hot summers and fantastically cold winters, Pearce said. But then his eyes lit up at the challenge. Perhaps you could store the summ
12、ers heat in water somehow . The engineering firm of Ove Arup & Partners, which worked with him on the design, monitors daily temperatures outside, under the floors and at knee, desk and ceiling level. Ove Arups graphs show that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23C and 25C
13、, with the exception of the annual hot spell just before the summer rains in October, and three days in November, when a janitor accidentally switched off the fans at night. The atrium, which funnels the winds through, can be much cooler. And the air is fresh far more so than in air-conditioned buil
14、dings, where up to 30% of the air is recycled. Pearce, disdaining smooth glass skins as igloos in the Sahara, calls his building, with its exposed girders and pipes, spiky. The design of the entrances is based on the porcupine-quill headdresses of the local Shona tribe. Elevators are designed to loo
15、k like the mineshaft cages used in Zimbabwes diamond mines. The shape of the fan covers, and the stone used in their construction, are echoes of Great Zimbabwe, the ruins that give the country its name. Standing on a roof catwalk, peering down inside at people as small as termites below, Pearce said
16、 he hoped plants would grow wild in the atrium and pigeons and bats would move into it, like that termite fungus, further extending the whole organic machine metaphor. The architecture, he says, is a regionalised style that responds to the biosphere, to the ancient traditional stone architecture of
17、Zimbabwes past, and to local human resources. Questions 1-5 Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1 Why do termite mounds have a system of vents? （ A） to allow the termites to escape from predators （ B） to enable the termites to produce food （
18、 C） to allow the termites to work efficiently （ D） to enable the termites to survive at night 2 Why was Eastgate cheaper to build than a conventional building? （ A） Very few materials were imported. （ B） Its energy consumption was so low. （ C） Its tenants contributed to the costs. （ D） No air condit
19、ioners were needed. 3 Why would a building like Eastgate not work efficiently in New York? （ A） Temperature change occurs seasonally rather than daily. （ B） Pollution affects the storage of heat in the atmosphere. （ C） Summer and winter temperatures are too extreme. （ D） Levels of humidity affect cl
20、oud coverage. 4 What does Ove Amps data suggest about Eastgates temperature control system? （ A） It allows a relatively wide range of temperatures. （ B） The only problems are due to human error. （ C） It functions well for most of the year. （ D） The temperature in the atrium may fall too low. 5 Pearc
21、e believes that his building would be improved by （ A） becoming more of a habitat for wildlife. （ B） even closer links with the history of Zimbabwe. （ C） giving people more space to interact with nature. （ D） better protection from harmful organisms. 5 Complete the sentences below with words taken f
22、rom Reading Passage 1. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet. 6 Warm air leaves the offices through_. 7 The warm air leaves the building through_. 8 Heat from the sun is prevented from reaching the windows by_. 9 When the outside temperat
23、ure drops,_bring air in from outside. 10 On cold days,_raise the temperature in the offices. 10 Answer the question below, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. Which THREE parts of the Eastgate Building reflect impor
24、tant features of Zimbabwes history and culture? 11 _ 12 _ 13 _ 13 Inside the mind of the consumer Could brain-scanning technology provide an accurate way to assess the appeal of new products and the effectiveness of advertising? A MARKETING people are no longer prepared to take your word for it that
25、 you favour one product over another. They want to scan your brain to see which one you really prefer. Using the tools of neuroscientists, such as electroencephalogram(EEG)mapping and functional magnetic-resonance imaging(fMRI), they are trying to learn more about the mental processes behind purchas
26、ing decisions. The resulting fusion of neuroscience and marketing is, inevitably, being called neuromarketing. B The first person to apply brain-imaging technology in this way was Gerry Zaltman of Harvard University, in the late 1990s. The idea remained in obscurity until 2001, when BrightHouse, a m
27、arketing consultancy based in Atlanta, Georgia, set up a dedicated neuromarketing arm, BrightHouse Neurostrategies Group.(BrightHouse lists Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines and Home Depot among its clients.)But the companys name may itself simply be an example of clever marketing. BrightHouse does not scan
28、 people while showing them specific products or campaign ideas, but bases its work on the results of more general fMRI-based research into consumer preferences and decision-making carried out at Emory University in Atlanta. C Can brain scanning really be applied to marketing? The basic principle is
29、not that different from focus groups and other traditional forms of market research. A volunteer lies in an fMRI machine and is shown images or video clips. In place of an interview or questionnaire, the subjects response is evaluated by monitoring brain activity. fMRI provides real-time images of b
30、rain activity, in which different areas light up depending on the level of blood flow. This provides clues to the subjects subconscious thought patterns. Neuroscientists know, for example, that the sense of self is associated with an area of the brain known as the medial prefrontal cortex. A flow of
31、 blood to that area while the subject is looking at a particular logo suggests that he or she identifies with that brand. D At first, it seemed that only companies in Europe were prepared to admit that they used neuromarketing. Two carmakers, DaimlerChrysler in Germany and Fords European arm, ran pi
32、lot studies in 2003. But more recently, American companies have become more open about their use of neuromarketing. Lieberman Research Worldwide, a marketing firm based in Los Angeles, is collaborating with the California Institute of Technology(Caltech)to enable movie studios to market-test film tr
33、ailers. More controversially, the New York Times recently reported that a political consultancy, FKF Research, has been studying the effectiveness of campaign commercials using neuromarketing techniques. E Whether all this is any more than a modern-day version of phrenology, the Victorian obsession
34、with linking lumps and bumps in the skull to personality traits, is unclear. There have been no large-scale studies, so scans of a handful of subjects may not be a reliable guide to consumer behaviour in general. Of course, focus groups and surveys are flawed too: strong personalities can steer the
35、outcomes of focus groups, and some people may be untruthful in their responses to opinion pollsters. And even honest people cannot always explain their preferences. F That is perhaps where neuromarketing has the most potential. When asked about cola drinks, most people claim to have a favourite bran
36、d, but cannot say why they prefer that brands taste. An unpublished study of attitudes towards two well-known cola drinks, Brand A and Brand B, carried out last year in a college of medicine in the US found that most subjects preferred Brand B in a blind tasting fMRI scanning showed that drinking Br
37、and B lit up a region called the ventral putamen, which is one of the brains reward centres, far more brightly than Brand A. But when told which drink was which, most subjects said they preferred Brand A, which suggests that its stronger brand outweighs the more pleasant taste of the other drink. G
38、People form many unconscious attitudes that are obviously beyond traditional methods that utilise introspection, says Steven Quartz, a neuroscientist at Caltech who is collaborating with Lieberman Research. With over $100 billion spent each year on marketing in America alone, any firm that can more
39、accurately analyse how customers respond to brands could make a fortune. H Consumer advocates are wary. Gary Ruskin of Commercial Alert, a lobby group, thinks existing marketing techniques are powerful enough. Already, marketing is deeply implicated in many serious pathologies, he says. That is espe
40、cially true of children, who are suffering from an epidemic of marketing-related diseases, including obesity and type-2 diabetes. Neuromarketing is a tool to amplify these trends. I Dr. Quartz counters that neuromarketing techniques could equally be used for benign purposes. There are ways to utilis
41、e these technologies to create more responsible advertising, he says. Brain-scanning could, for example, be used to determine when people are capable of making free choices, to ensure that advertising falls within those bounds. J Another worry is that brain-scanning is an invasion of privacy and tha
42、t information on the preferences of specific individuals will be misused. But neuromarketing studies rely on small numbers of volunteer subjects, so that seems implausible. Critics also object to the use of medical equipment for frivolous rather than medical purposes. But as Tim Ambler, a neuromarke
43、ting researcher at the London Business School, says, A tool is a tool, and if the owner of the tool gets a decent rent for hiring it out, then that subsidises the cost of the equipment, and everybody wins. Perhaps more brain-scanning will some day explain why some people like the idea of neuromarket
44、ing, but others do not. Reading Passage 2 has ten paragraphs A-J. Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number(i-x)in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. List of headings i A description of the procedure ii An international research project ii
45、i An experiment to investigate consumer responses iv Marketing an alternative name v A misleading name? vi A potentially profitable line of research vii Medical dangers of the technique viii Drawbacks to marketing tools ix Broadening applications x What is neuromarketing? Example Paragraph A x 14 Pa
46、ragraph B 15 Paragraph C 16 Paragraph D 17 Paragraph E 18 Paragraph F 19 Paragraph G 19 Look at the following people(Questions 20-22)and the list of opinions below. Match each person with the opinion credited to him. Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet. List of opinions
47、A Neuromarketing could be used to contribute towards the cost of medical technology. B Neuromarketing could use introspection as a tool in marketing research. C Neuromarketing could be a means of treating medical problems. D Neuromarketing could make an existing problem worse. E Neuromarketing could
48、 lead to the misuse of medical equipment. F Neuromarketing could be used to prevent the exploitation of consumers. 20 Steven Quartz 21 Gary Ruskin 22 Tim Ambler 22 Complete the summary below using words from the passage. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo
49、xes 23-26 on your answer sheet. Neuromarketing can provide valuable information on attitudes to particular 【 R23】_It may be more reliable than surveys, where people can be 【 R24】 _, or focus groups, where they may be influenced by others. It also allows researchers to identify the subjects 【 R25】 _thought patterns. However, some people are concerned that it could lead to problems such as an increase in disease among 【 R26】_. 23 【 R23】 24 【 R24】 25 【 R25】
