1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 9 及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 1 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Part One A Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern around the globe. From Mexico City and
2、New York, to Singapore and Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed, trialled and implemented with ever increasing speed. It is feared that unless pollution reduction measures are able to keep pace with the continued pressures of urban growth, air quality in many of the worlds maj
3、or cities will deteriorate beyond reason. B Action is being taken along several fronts: through new legislation, improved enforcement and innovative technology. In Los Angeles, state regulations are forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars: their first of the cleanest, titled Zero Emis
4、sion Vehicles, have to be available soon, since they are intended to make up 2 per cent of sales in 1997. Local authorities in London are campaigning to be allowed to enforce anti-pollution laws themselves; at present only the police have the power to do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere. In Si
5、ngapore, renting out road space to users is the way of the future. C When Britains Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 60,000 vehicles, it found that 12 per cent of them produced more than half the total pollution. Older cars were the worst offenders; though a sizeable number of quite ne
6、w cars were also identified as gross polluters, they were simply badly tuned. California has developed a scheme to get these gross polluters off the streets: they offer a flat $700 for any old, run-down vehicle driven in by its owner. The aim is to remove the heaviest-polluting, most decrepit vehicl
7、es from the roads. D As part of a European Union environmental programme, a London council is testing an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado. It gouges the pollution from a passing vehicle - more useful than the annual stationary test that is the British standard today -
8、 by bouncing a beam through the exhaust and measuring what gets blocked. The councils next step may be to link the system to a computerised video camera able to read number plates automatically. E The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if nothing is done about the tendency to dri
9、ve them more. Los Angeles has some of the worlds cleanest cars - far better than those of Europe - but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car. Howeve
10、r, the average number of people in a car on the freeway in Los Angeles, which is 1.3, has been falling steadily. Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing emissions as well as easing congestion. The trouble is, Los Angelenos seem to like being alone in their cars. F Singapore has for a whi
11、le had a scheme that forces drivers to buy a badge if they wish to visit a certain part of the city. Electronic innovations make possible increasing sophistication: rates can vary according to road conditions, time of day and so on. Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network
12、of transmitters to collect information and charge drivers as they pass certain points. Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial. When the local government in Cambridge, England, considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal and ultimately successful opposition. Part Two The s
13、cope of the problem facing the worlds cities is immense. In 1992, the United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Health Organisation (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty megacities- places likely to have more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000 - already exceeded the le
14、vel the WHO deems healthy in at least one major pollutant. Two-thirds of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more. Of the six pollutants monitored by the WHO - carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, lead and particulate matter - it is this last category that i
15、s attracting the most attention from health researchers. PM 10, a sub-category of particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a metre across, has been implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone. Research being conducted in two counties of Southern California is reaching similarly d
16、isturbing conclusions concerning this little-understood pollutant. A world-wide rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades is now said to be linked with increased air pollution. The lungs and brains of children who grow up in polluted air offer further evidence of its destruc
17、tive power. The old and ill, however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted stagnant air. It can actually hasten death, as it did in December 1991 when a cloud of exhaust fumes lingered over the city of London for over a week. The United Nations has estimated that in the y
18、ear 2000 there will be twenty-four mega- cities and a further eighty-five cities of more than three million people. The pressure on public officials, corporations and urban citizens to reverse established trends in air pollution is likely to grow in proportion with the growth of cities themselves. P
19、rogress is being made. The question, though, remains the same: Will change happen quickly enough? 1 Questions 1-5 Look at the following solutions (Questions 1-5) and locations. Match each solution with one location. Write the appropriate locations in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB: You may use a
20、ny location more than once. LOCATIONS:Singapore Tokyo London New York Mexico City Cambridge Los Angeles 1 SOLUTIONS: Manufacturers must sell cleaner cars. 2 SOLUTIONS: Authorities want to have power to enforce anti-pollution laws. 3 SOLUTIONS: Drivers will be charged according to the roads they use.
21、 4 SOLUTIONS: Moving vehicles will be monitored for their exhaust emissions. 5 SOLUTIONS: Commuters are encouraged to share their vehicles with others. 6 Questions 6-10 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet write YESif t
22、he statement reflects the claims of the writer NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 6 According to British research, a mere twelve per cent of vehicles tested produced over fifty per cent of total pollution prod
23、uced by the sample group. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 7 It is currently possible to measure the pollution coming from individual vehicles whilst they are moving. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 8 Residents of Los Angeles are now tending to reduce the yearly distances they travel by car. （ A） YES
24、 （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 9 Car-pooling has steadily become more popular in Los Angeles in recent years. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 10 Charging drivers for entering certain parts of the city has been successfully done in Cambridge, England. （ A） YES （ B） NO （ C） NOT GIVEN 11 Questions 11-13 Choos
25、e the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. 11 How many pollutants currently exceed WHO guidelines in all megacities studied? （ A） one （ B） two （ C） three （ D） seven 12 Which pollutant is currently the subject of urgent research? （ A） nitrogen dioxide （ B） ozone
26、 （ C） lead （ D） particulate matter 13 Which of the following groups of people are the most severely affected by intense air pollution? （ A） allergy sufferers （ B） children （ C） the old and ill （ D） asthma sufferers 14 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are b
27、ased on Reading Passage 2 below. OTES FOR WOMEN The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collect
28、ion to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906-14. The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the fi
29、rst groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and
30、Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the
31、introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in C
32、hafing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later
33、The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fundraising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper
34、returned a profit. This was partly because advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges. and jewellers such as Mappin no one was to be dismissed. Results of the ExperimentChanges in Productivity Figure 1 shows the changes in salary costs per unit of work, w
35、hich reflect the change in productivity that occurred in the divisions. As will be observed, the hierarchically controlled programmes increased productivity by about 25%. This was a result of the direct orders from the general manager to reduce staff by that amount. Direct pressure produced a substa
36、ntial increase in production. A significant increase in productivity of 20% was also achieved in the participative programme, but this was not as great an increase as in the hierarchically controlled programme. To bring about this improvement, the clerks themselves participated in the decision to re
37、duce the size of the work group. (They were aware of course that productivity increases were sought by management in conducting these experiments.) Obviously, deciding to reduce the size of a work group by eliminating some of its members is probably one of the most difficult decisions for a work gro
38、up to make. Yet the clerks made it. In fact, one division in the participative programme increased its productivity by about the same amount as each of the two divisions in the hierarchically controlled programme. The other participative division, which historically had been the poorest of all the d
39、ivisions, did not do so well and increased productivity by only 15%.Changes in Attitudes Although both programmes had similar effects on productivity, they had significantly different results in other respects. The productivity increases in the hierarchically controlled programme were accompanied by
40、 shifts in an adverse direction in such factors as loyalty, attitudes, interest, and involvement in the work. But just the opposite was true in the participative programme. For example, Figure 2 shows that when more general supervision and increased participation were provided, the employees feeling
41、 of responsibility to see that the work got done increased. Again, when the supervisor was away, they kept on working. In the hierarchically controlled programme, however, the feeling of responsibility decreased, and when the supervisor was absent, work tended to stop. As Figure 3 shows, the employe
42、es in the participative programme at the end of the year felt that their manager and assistant manager were closer to them than at the beginning of the year. The opposite was true in the hierarchical programme. Moreover, as Figure 4 shows, employees in the participative programme felt that their sup
43、ervisors were more likely to pull for them, or for the company and them, and not be solely interested in the company, while in the hierarchi- cally controlled programme, the opposite trend occurred. 28 Questions 28-30 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 28-30 on your answer sh
44、eet. 28 The experiment was designed to _. （ A） establish whether increased productivity should be sought at any cost. （ B） show that four divisions could use the same technology. （ C） perfect a system for processing accounts. （ D） exploit the human organisation of a company in order to increase prof
45、its. 29 The four divisions _. （ A） each employed a staff of 500 clerks. （ B） each had equal levels of productivity. （ C） had identical patterns of organisation. （ D） were randomly chosen for the experiment. 30 Before the experiment _. （ A） the four divisions were carefully selected to suit a specifi
46、c programme. （ B） each division was told to reduce its level of productivity. （ C） the staff involved spent a number of months preparing for the study. （ D） the employees were questioned about their feelings towards the study. 31 Questions 31-36 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE word from Readi
47、ng Passage 3 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet. This experiment involved an organisation comprising four divisions, which were divided into two programmes: the hierarchically controlled programme and the participative programme. For a period of one year a differ
48、ent method of 【 31】 _ was used in each programme. Throughout this time 【 32】 _ was calculated on a weekly basis. During the course of the experiment the following changes were made in an attempt to improve performance. In the participative programme: supervision of all workers was 【 33】 _ supervisor
49、y staff were given training in 【 34】 _ In the hierarchically controlled programme: supervision of all workers was increased. work groups were found to be 【 35】 _ by 30%. the work force was 【 36】 _ by 25%. 31 【 31】 32 【 32】 33 【 33】 34 【 34】 35 【 35】 36 【 36】 37 Questions 37-40 Look at Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Reading Passage 3. Choose the most appropriate label, A-I, for each Figure from the box below. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet. A Employees interest in the company B C
