1、考研英语模拟试卷 74及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 In the United States, the first day-nursery was opened in 1854.Nurseries were established in various areas during the (1)_ half of t
2、he 19th century; most of them were (2)_ Both in Europe and in the U. S., the day-nursery (3)_ received great (4)_ during the First World War, when (5)_ of manpower caused the industrial employment (6)_ numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (7)_ in munitions (军火 )pla
3、nts, under direct government (8)_ Although the number of nurseries in the U. S. also rose (9)_, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, (10)_, Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control
4、 over the day-nurseries, chiefly by (11)_ them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries. The (12)_ of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day-nurseries in almost all countries, as women were again called upon to replace men in the fac
5、tories. On this (13)_ the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery school, (14)_ $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (15)_ this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more th
6、an 100,000 children were being cared for in day-care centers receiving Federal (16)_. Soon afterward, the Federal government (17)_ cut down its (18)_ for this purpose and later (19)_ them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the (20)_ that most employed mothe
7、rs would leave their jobs at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled. （ A） latter （ B） late （ C） other （ D） first （ A） generous （ B） charitable （ C） liberal （ D） general （ A） motivation （ B） momentum （ C） movement （ D） moment （ A） impetus （ B） input （ C） imitation （ D） initiative （ A） sources （
8、 B） abundance （ C） shortage （ D） reduction （ A） exceptional （ B） unprecedented （ C） extraordinary （ D） unduplicated （ A） hardly （ B） entirely （ C） only （ D） even （ A） launch （ B） introduction （ C） sponsorship （ D） promotion （ A） unanimously （ B） sharply （ C） predominantly （ D） militantly （ A） theref
9、ore （ B） consequently （ C） however （ D） moreover （ A） formulating （ B） labeling （ C） patenting （ D） licensing （ A） outset （ B） outbreak （ C） breakthrough （ D） breakdown （ A） circumstance （ B） occasion （ C） case （ D） situation （ A） regulating （ B） summoning （ C） allocating （ D） transferring （ A） expa
10、nded （ B） facilitated （ C） supplemented （ D） compensated （ A） pensions （ B） subsidies （ C） revenues （ D） budgets （ A） prevalently （ B） furiously （ C） statistically （ D） drastically （ A） revenue （ B） payment （ C） expenditure （ D） cost （ A） abolished （ B） diminished （ C） jeopardized （ D） precluded （ A
11、） assumptation （ B） exception （ C） expectation （ D） presumption Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 Yasuhisa Shizoki, a 51-year old MP from Japans ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), starts tapping his fin
12、ger on the dismal economic chart on his coffee table. “Unless we change the decision-making process,“ he says bluntly, “we are not going to be able to solve this kind of problem.“ With the economy in such a mess, it may seem a bit of a diversion to be trying to sort out Japans political structures a
13、s well as its economic problems. Since co-writing a report on political reform, which was released by an LDP panel last week, Mr. Shiozaki has further upset the partys old guard. Its legionaries, flanked by columns of the bureaucracy, continue to hamper most attempts to overhaul the economy. Junichi
14、ro Koizumi was supposed to change all that, by going over their heads and appealing directly to the public. Yet nearly a year after becoming prime minister, Mr. Koizumi has precious little to show for his efforts. His popularity is now flagging and his determination is increasingly in doubt. As hope
15、s of immediate economic reform fade, optimists are focusing on another potential benefit of Mr. Koizumis tenure. They hope that his highly personalized style of leadership will pave the way for a permanent change in Japanese politics: towards more united and authoritative cabinets that are held dire
16、ctly accountable for their policies. As that hap pens, the thinking goes, real economic reforms will be able to follow. Unfortunately, damage limitation in the face of scandal too often substitutes for real reform. More often, the scandals serve merely as distractions. What is really needed is an ov
17、erhaul of the rules themselves. A leading candidate for change is the 40-year-old system informal but religiously followed through which the LDP machinery vets every bill before it ever gets to parliament. Most legislation starts in the LDPs party committees, which mirror the parliamentary committee
18、 structure. Proposals then go through two higher LDP bodies, which hammer out political deals to smooth their passage. Only then does the prime ministers cabinet get fully involved in approving the policy. Most issues have been decided by the LDP mandarins long before they reach this point, let alon
19、e the floor of parliament, leaving even the prime minister limited influence, and allowing precious little room for public debate and even less for accountability. As a result, progress will probably remain slow. Since they know that political reform leads to economic reform, and hence poses a threa
20、t to their interests, most of the LDP will resist any real changes. But at least a handful of insiders have now bought into one of Mr. Koizumis best slogans: “Change the LDP, change Japan.“ 21 The diversion Yasuhisa Shizoki enjoys is mentioned in the text to （ A） to introduce the topic of economic r
21、eforms. （ B） to honor his unique service to the LDP. （ C） to highlight his ability to solve problems. （ D） to show how he sort out his slogans. 22 The expression “the LDP mandarins“(Paragraph 4) most probably means （ A） cabinets who are held liable for their policies. （ B） those who work in LDPs par
22、ty committees. （ C） candidates for two higher LDP bodies. （ D） those who are strong in favor of reforms. 23 The basic problem of Japanese economy as pointed out by the writer lies in （ A） its prime ministers negligence. （ B） the inefficiency of its parliament. （ C） its defective political structures
23、. （ D） the resistance to any changes. 24 In the eyes of the author, an economic reform in Japan （ A） should precede a political reform. （ B） cannot do without Koizumis popularity. （ C） should follow an overhaul of the rules. （ D） is a now boom on the horizon. 25 It seems that the write is very criti
24、cal of （ A） LPD bodies accountability. （ B） the prime minister. （ C） advocates of economic reforms. （ D） the LDP machinery. 26 At some point during their education, biology students are told about a conversation in a pub that took place over 50 years ago. J.B.S. Haldane, a British geneticist, was as
25、ked whether he would lay down his life for his country. After doing a quick calculation on the back of a napkin, he said he would do so for two brothers or eight cousins. In other words, he would die to protect the equivalent of his genetic contribution to the next generation. The theory of kin sele
26、ction the idea that animals can pass on their genes by helping their close relatives is biologys explanation for seemingly altruistic acts. An individual carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die younger than one with “selfish“ genes, and thus to have a reduced contribution to th
27、e next generations genetic pool. But if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its relatives, genes for altruistic behavior might nevertheless propagate. Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be explained away, in what has become a cottage industry within biology. An animal
28、 might care for the offspring of another that it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefits for itself later on (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism). The hunter who generously shares his spoils with others may be doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, an
29、d ultimately boost his breeding success. These apparently selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of self-interest. All of these examples fit economists arguments that Homo sapiens is also Homo economicus maximizing something that economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is a re
30、siduum of human activity that defies such explanations: people contribute to charities for the homeless, return lost wallets, do voluntary work and tip waiters in restaurants to which they do not plan to return. Both economic rationalism and natural selection offer few explanations for such random a
31、cts of kindness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful behavior, when someone harms his own interest in order to damage that of another. But people are now trying to find answers. When a new phenomenon is recognized by science, a name always helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr. Fehr a
32、nd his colleagues argue for a behavioral propensity they call “strong reciprocity“. This name is intended to distinguish it from reciprocal altruism. According to Dr. Fehr, a person is a strong reciprocator if he is willing to sacrifice resources to be kind to those who are being kind, and to punish
33、 those who are being unkind. Significandy, strong reciprocators will behave this way even if doing so provides no prospect of material rewards in the future. 26 The story of J.B.S. Haldane is mentioned in the text （ A） to honor his unusual altruistic acts. （ B） to show how he contributed to the coun
34、try. （ C） to introduce the topic of human altruism. （ D） to give an episode of his calculation abilities. 27 According the theory of kin selection, humans tend to act altruistically （ A） for the sake of desired reproduction. （ B） out of self-interest. （ C） on the request of natural selection. （ D） b
35、ecause of kind nature. 28 As pointed out in the text, “reciprocal altruism theory“ and “strong reciprocity theory“ are （ A） complementary. （ B） contradictory. （ C） superficial. （ D） over-simplified. 29 The write mentioned the case of “the hunter who shares his spoils with others“ to demonstrate （ A）
36、 innate human hostility. （ B） his privileged status. （ C） apparent human altruism. （ D） his sacrifice resources. 30 It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that （ A） Human behavior is confined to the exclusive concern of psychologists. （ B） Economists utility is only the explanations for random acts of
37、kindness. （ C） Altruism is developed during the long process of human evolution. （ D） Biologists can help economists explain some human behavior deviations. 31 On Mar. 14, when Wal-Mart Stores Inc. announced its first foray into Japan, the Bentonville (Ark.) retailing giant placed a big bet that it
38、could succeed where countless other foreign companies have failed. In the past five years, a number of famous Western brands have been forced to close up shop after failing to catch on in Japan, one of the worlds largest but most variable consumer markets. May Wal-Mart make a go of it where others h
39、ave stumbled? One good sign is that the mass marketer is not rushing in blindly. It has taken an initial 6.1% stake in ailing food-and-clothing chain Seiyu Ltd., which it can raise to a controlling 33.4% by yearend and to 66.7% by 2007. That gives Wal-Mart time to revise its strategy or run for the
40、exits. The question is whether Wal-Mart can apply the lessons it has learned in other parts of Asia to Japan. This, after all, is a nation of notoriously finicky consumers who have become even more so since Japan slipped into a decade-long slump. How will Wal-Mart bring to bear its legendary cost-cu
41、tting savvy in a market already affected by falling prices? Analysts are understandably skeptical. “It is uncertain whether Wal-Marts business models will be effective in Japan,“ Standard Poors said in a Mar.18 report. Much depends on whether Seiyu turns out to be a good partner. The 39-year-old ret
42、ailer is a member of the reputed Seibu Saison retail group that fell on hard times in the early 90s. It also has deep ties to trading house Sumitomo Corp. which will take a 15% stake in the venture with Wal-Mart. Perhaps the best thing that can be said of Seiyus 400-odd stores is that theyre not as
43、deeply troubled as other local retailers. Still, theres a gaping chasm between the two corporate cultures. “Weve never been known for cheap everyday pricing,“ says a Seiyu spokesman. Another potential problem is Sumitomo, which may not want to lean on suppliers to the extent that Wal-Mart routinely
44、does. The clock is ticking. Wal-Mart executives say they need several months to “study“ the deal with Seiyu before acting on it, but in the meantime a new wave of hyper-competitive Japanese and foreign rivals are carving up the market. If Wal-Mart succeeds, it will reduce its reliance on its home ma
45、rket even further and who knows? it may even revolutionize Japanese retailing in the same way it has in the U.S. 31 We can learn from the beginning of the text that Wal-Mart Stores Inc. will （ A） revolutionize Japanese retailing. （ B） tap most potential consumer markets in Japan. （ C） combine and be
46、come bigger. （ D） withdraw from consumer markets in Japan. 32 As mentioned in the text, Japanese consumers are generally （ A） hard to satisfy. （ B） prone to deceptions. （ C） resistant to aliens. （ D） open to new ideas. 33 The phrase “make a go of it“(Paragraph 1) most probably means （ A） enjoy wide
47、popularity. （ B） exert great effort. （ C） achieve great success. （ D） is at stake. 34 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that （ A） Seiyu will be incorporated into Wal-Mart in the foreseeable future. （ B） Wal-Marts has no alternative but to choose Seiyu as its partner. （ C） Seiyu depends in large mea
48、sure on Wal-Mart for surging profits. （ D） Wal-Marts cooperation with Seiyu is still to be re-examined. 35 Toward this adventure of Wal-Mart, the authors attitude can be best said to be （ A） optimistic. （ B） objective. （ C） pessimistic. （ D） defensive. 36 Shortly after dawn on February 17th 2003, th
49、e worlds most ambitious road pricing experiment will start in London. Though cordon toll schemes have been operating in Norway for years, and Singapore has an electronic system, no one has ever tried to charge motorists in a city of the size and complexity of London. For decades, transport planners have been demanding that motorists should pay directly for the use of roads. According to the professionals, it is the only way of civilizing cities and restraining the g
