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1、软件水平考试中级网络工程师上午基础知识(计算机专业英语)历年真题试卷精选 1及答案与解析 0 Traditional IP packet forwarding analyzes the (71) IP address contained in thenetwork layer header of each packet as the packet travels from its source to its final destination A router analyzes the destination IP address independently at each hop in th

2、e network Dynamic(72)protocols or static configuration builds the database needed to analyze the destination IP address(the routing table) The process of implementing traditional IP routing also is called hop by-hop destination-based (73) routing Although successful, and obviously widely deployed, c

3、ertain restrictions,which have been realized for some time exist for this method of packet forwarding that diminish its (74) New techniques are therefore required to address and expand the functionality of an IP based network infrastructure This first chapter concentrate on identifying these restric

4、tions and presents a new architecture, known as multipleprotocol(75) switching, that provides solutions to some ofthese restrictions (2013年上半年试题 ) 1 (71) ( A) datagram ( B) destination ( C) connection ( D) service 2 (72) ( A) routing ( B) forwarding ( C) transmission ( D) management 3 (73) ( A) anyc

5、ast ( B) multicast ( C) broadcast ( D) unicast 4 (74) ( A) reliability ( B) flexibility ( C) stability ( D) capability 5 (75) ( A) const ( B) cast ( C) mark ( D) 1abel 5 Let us now see how randomization is done when a collision occurs After a(71), time is divided into discrete slots whose length is

6、equal to the worst-case round-trip propagation time on the ether(2t) To accommodate the longest path allowed by Ethernet, the slot tome has been set to 512 blt times, or 51 2gsec.After the first collision, each station waits either 0 or (72)times before trying again If two stations collide and each

7、one picks the same random number, they will collide again After the second collision, each one picks either 0, 1, 2, or3 at random and waits that number of slot times If a third collision occurs(the probability of this happening is 0 25),then the next time the number ofslots to wait is chosen at (73

8、)from the interval 0 to 23-1 In general, after i collisions, a random number between 0 and 2i-1 is chosen, and that number of slots is skipped However, after ten collisions have been reached, the randomization (74)is frozen at a maximum of 1023 slots After 16 collisions, the controller throws in the

9、 towel and reports failure back to the computer Further recovery is up to (75)layers (2012年下半年试题 ) 6 71 ( A) datagram ( B) collision ( C) connection ( D) service 7 72 ( A) slot ( B) switch ( C) process ( D) fire 8 73 ( A) rest ( B) random ( C) once ( D) odds 9 74 ( A) unicast ( B) multicast ( C) bro

10、adcast ( D) interval 10 75 ( A) local ( B) next ( C) higher ( D) lower 10 The TCP protocolis a (71) layer protoc01 Each connection connects two TCPs that may be just one physical network apart or located on opposite sides of the globe.In other words, each connection creates a (72)witha length that m

11、ay be totally different from another path created by another connection This means that TCP cannot use the same retransmission time for all connections Selecting a fixed retransnussion time for all connections can result in serious consequences If the retransmission time does not allow enough time f

12、or a (73)to reach the destination and an acknowledgment to reach the source, it can result in retransmission of segments that are still on the way Conversely, if the retransmission time is longer than necessary for a short path,it may result in delay for the application programs Even for one single

13、connection, the retransmission time should not be fixed A connection may be able to send segments and receive (74)faster during nontraffic period than during congested periods TCP uses the dynamic retransmission time, a transmission time is different for each connection and which may be changed duri

14、ng the same connection Retransmission time can be made (75)by basing iton the round trip time(RTT) Several formulas are used for this purpose.(2012年上半年试题 ) 11 (71) ( A) physical ( B) network ( C) transport ( D) application 12 (72) ( A) path ( B) window ( C) response ( D) process 13 (73) ( A) process

15、 ( B) segment ( C) program ( D) user 14 (74) ( A) connections ( B) requests ( C) acknowledgments ( D) datagrams 15 (75) ( A) 10ng ( B) short ( C) fixed ( D) dynamic 15 A transport layer protocol usually has several responsibilties One is to create a process to process communication UDP uses(71)numbe

16、rs to accomplish this Another responsibility is to provide control mechanisms at the transport level UDP does this task at a very minimal level There is no flow control mechanism and there is no(72)for received packet UDP, however, does provide error control to some extent If UDP detects an error in

17、 the received packet, it will silently drop it The transport layer also provides a connection mechanism for the processes The (73)must be able to send streams of data to the transport layer It is the responsibility of the transport layer at(74)station to make the connection with the receiver chop th

18、e stream into transportable units, number them, and send them one by one it is the responsibility of the transport layer at thereceiving end to wait until all the different units belonging to the same process have arrived, check and pass those that are (75)free, and deliver them to the receiving pro

19、cess as a stream (20 1 1年下半年试题 ) 16 71 ( A) hop ( B) port ( C) route ( D) packet 17 72 ( A) connection ( B) window ( C) acknowledgement ( D) destination 18 73 ( A) jobs ( B) processes ( C) programs ( D) users 19 74 ( A) sending ( B) routing ( C) switching ( D) receiving 20 75 ( A) call ( B) state (

20、C) cost ( D) error 20 Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)is inter-autonomous system (71)protoc01 BGP is based on a routing method called path vector routing Distance vector routing is not a good candidate for inter-autonomous system routing because there are occasions on which the route with the smallest (

21、72) count is not the preferred route For example,we may not want a packet through an autonomous system that is not secure even though it is shortest route Also, distance vector routing is unstable due to the fact that the routers announce only the number of hop counts to the destination without defi

22、ning the path that leads to that (73) A router that receives a distance vector advertisement packet may be fooled if the shortest path is actually calculated through the receiving router itself Link (74) routing is also not a good candidate for inner autonomous system routing because an internet is

23、usually too big for this routing method To use link state routing for the whole internet would require each router to have a huge link state database It would also take a long time for each router to calculate its routing (75) using the Dijkstra algorism (201 1年上半年试题 ) 21 (71) ( A) routing ( B) swit

24、ching ( C) transmitting ( D) receiving 22 (72) ( A) path ( B) hop ( C) route ( D) packet 23 (73) ( A) connection ( B) window ( C) source ( D) destination 24 (74) ( A) status ( B) search ( C) state ( D) research 25 (75) ( A) table ( B) state ( C) metric ( D) cost 25 The metric assigned to each networ

25、k depends on the type of protocol Some simple protocol, like RIP, treats each network as equals The (71) of passing through each network is the same; it is one (72) count So if a packet passes through 10 network to reach the destination, the total cost is 1 0 hop counts Other protocols, such as OSPF

26、, allow the administrator to assign a cost for passing through a network based on the type of service required A (73)through a network can have different costs(metrics) For example, if maximum (74) is the desired type of service, a satellite link has a lower metric than a fiber optic line On the oth

27、er hand, if minimum (75) is the desired type of service, a fiber optic line has a lower metric than a satellite line OSPF allow each router to have several routing table based on the required type of service (2010年下半年试题 ) 26 (71) ( A) number ( B) connection ( C) diagram ( D) cost 27 (72) ( A) proces

28、s ( B) hop ( C) route ( D) flow 28 (73) ( A) flow ( B) window ( C) route ( D) cost 29 (74) ( A) packet ( B) throughput ( C) error ( D) number 30 (75) ( A) delay ( B) stream ( C) packet ( D) cost 软件水平考试中级网络工程师上午基础知识(计算机专业英语)历年真题试卷精选 1答案与解析 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 1 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 2 【正确答案】 A 【知识模块】 计算

29、机专业英语 3 【正确答案】 D 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 4 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 5 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 译文:当数 据包从其来源到其最终目的地址时,传统的 IP报文转发分析包含在每一个数据包的网络层报头的目的 IP地址。路由器独立地分析网络中的每一跳目标 IP地址。动态路由协议或静态配置生成所需的数据库来分析目标IP地址 (路由表 )。传统的 IP路由实现的过程也被称为基于逐跳目的地的单播路由。虽然成功地广泛采用,但是一些已经实现一段时间的限制仍存在,此方法存在报文的转发减少其灵活性。因此,需要新的技术,以处理和扩展一个基于 IP的网络基础设施的

30、功能。第一章着重识别这些限制,并提出了一种新的架构,被称为多协议标签交换,来提供解决这些限 制的方法。 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 6 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 7 【正确答案】 A 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 8 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 9 【正确答案】 D 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 10 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 译文:现在让我们观察冲突发生时如何做随机处理。冲突发生后,时间被划分成离散的长度等于最坏的往返传播时间的时槽。为了容纳以太网允许的最长路 径,冲突时槽缩小为 5 12s。第一次冲突后,每个站

31、再次尝试前需要等待 0或 1时槽。如果每一站发生冲突,且每一个挑选相同的随机数,它们将再次发生冲突。第 2次冲突之后,每一站随机选择 0, 1, 2或 3,等待时槽的个数。如果第三次冲突发生 (发生的概率为 0 25),则下次时槽的等待数量都是在 0 23 1之间随机挑选的。总的来说,第 f次冲突后,将在 0 2t 1之间挑选随机数,而且那个时槽数是被略过的。然而,当冲突次数达到 10次,随机间隔被锁定在最高1023时槽。当 16次冲突后,控制器丢弃报告而没有返回计算机。进一步恢复已 经达到更高的层次。 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 11 【正确答案】 C 【知识

32、模块】 计算机专业英语 12 【正确答案】 A 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 13 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 14 【正确答案】 C 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 15 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 译文: TCP是一种传输层协议,每个 TCP连接都连接着两个TCP,这两个 TCP可能是在一个物理网络里,但是是分开的或者 位于全局网络的对立面。换句话说,每个连接创建一个路径的长度可能完全不同于由另外一个连接创建的路径。这意味着 TCP不能为所有的连接使用相同的转发时间。为所有的连接选择一个固定的转发时间可能会导致严重的后果。如果这个转发时间并不为一个段提供足够的时间去到

33、达目的地确认获取来源,将导致段转发的部分仍在路上。相反,如果转发时间超过了必要的短路径,它可能会导致延迟的应用程序,甚至一个单独的连接,转发时间也应该是不固定的,相比于拥挤的时期,一个连接在不拥挤的时期可能能够更快地发送部分和接收确认。 TCP使用动态转发时间,每 个连接的传输时间是不同的,而且可能在相同的连接中变化。转发时间可能是动态的基于往返时间。有几个准则用于这一目的。 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 16 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 17 【正确答案】 C 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 18 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语

34、 19 【正确答案】 A 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 20 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 译文:传输层协议通常有 多种责任。一个是创建进程间通信, UDP使用端口数来完成这项工作。另一个责任是在传输层提供控制机制。 UDP以一个最低的级别完成这项工作,无流控制机制和接收包的应答机制。但是, UDP在一些范围上提供了差错控制。如果 UDP在接收包中检测到了错误,它将静静地丢弃它。传输层同样为进程提供了一个连接机制。这个进程必须能发送数据流到传输层。而在发送站传输层的责任就是与接收站建立连接,将流放入传输单元,并编号,然后一个接一个的发送。接收站传输层的责任是等待一个相同进程中的不同的数据单元

35、的到达,并且检查它们,将错误单元丢弃, 并且以流的形式传递到接收进程中。 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 21 【正确答案】 A 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 22 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 23 【正确答案】 D 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 24 【正确答案】 C 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 25 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 译文:边界网协议 (BGP)是自治系统间的路由协议。 BGP是基于路由的方法称为路径矢量路由。距离矢量路由 是自己系统路由的很好的候选者,因为跨自治系统路由场合上最小的跳数的路由不一定是最合适的路由。例如,我们可

36、能不希望通过一个自治系统不安全的数据包,即使它是最短的路线。此外,距离矢量路由是不稳定的,路由器只宣布到目的地的跳数,但指出到达目的地的路径。实际上,如果是通过接收路由器本身计算的最短路径,接收距离矢量通告报文的路由器可能被愚弄。链路状态路由在跨自治系统中也不是一个好的候选者,因为对于这种方法互联网是通常过大。要对整个互联网使用链接状态路由,就需要每个路由器有一个巨大的链路状态数据库。它也需要每个路由器用 很长的时间来使用的 Dijkstra算法计算自己的路由表。 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 26 【正确答案】 D 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 27 【正确答案

37、】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 28 【正确答案】 C 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 29 【正确答案】 B 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语 30 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 译文:每个网络采用的度量标准依赖于协议类型。对于简单的协议,如 RIP,将每个网 络同等对待。通过每个网络的代价都是一跳。因此,如果一个分组通过 10个网络后到达目的地,则总的代价为 10跳。其他协议,如OSPF,允许网络管理员基于服务为通过的网络设置代价。因此,通过一个网络的路由可能有不同的代价 (度量标准 )。例如,若期望服务类型是最大吞吐量,则卫星链路比光纤线路的度量小。如果期望的服务类型是最小时延,则光纤线路的度量小于卫星链路。 OSPF允许每个路由器有几张基于服务类型的路由表。 【知识模块】 计算机专业英语

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