1、Designation: C 655 07Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinforced c
3、oncrete pipe de-signed for specific D-loads and intended to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C 655has been developedSpecification C 655M; therefore, nometric equivalents are pr
4、esented in this specification.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of thisproduct depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications, and provision for adequate inspe
5、ction at theconstruction site. This specification does not include requirements forbedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and thestrength designation of pipe, or durability under unusual environmentalconditions. These requirements should be included in the project specifi-
6、cation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 82/A 82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA 497/A 497M
7、Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Section
8、s,or TileC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and Mor
9、tarsC 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be deter
10、minedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, the owner may select and haveapplied the basis of acceptance described in either 4.1.1 or4.1.2. Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or
11、 beforeplacing an order, either basis of acceptance shall be permitted.4.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 10.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidan
12、ce see Practice E 105.4.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Concrete Compression andMaterials Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe forDefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8 and11.4.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements.1T
13、his specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previ
14、ous edition approved in 2004 as C 655 04e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM In
15、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance.5.1.2 Pipe design strength.5.1.3 Phys
16、ical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details.5.1.4 Design concrete strength; minimum f 8cequals 4000psi.5.1.5 Admixtures.5.1.6 Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerances, diame
17、ter, spacingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.5.1.7 Manufacturing and curing process.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, andwater, in w
18、hich steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to
19、 the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirementsof Specification C 618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall con
20、form to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used inthe cement shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified P
21、ortland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or(6) A combination of portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag.(7) A combination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementiti
22、ousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight).6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used unles
23、s prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A 82 or Specification A 496,or of wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185 or Speci-fication A 497, or of bars of Grade 40 steel conforming toSpecification A 615/A 615M.6.2 Manufact
24、ure:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete sha
25、llhave a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.1and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470lb/yd3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialcontent demonstrate that the quality and performance o
26、f thepipe meet the requirements of this specification.6.2.2 Reinforcement:6.2.2.1 PlacementReinforcement shall be placed as indi-cated in 5.1.6.2, subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2.Minimum design protective cover of concrete over the circum-ferential reinforcement in the barrel of the pipe sh
27、all be 1 in.for wall thicknesses of 212 in. or greater, and34 in. for wallthicknesses less than 212 in., subject to the tolerances given in8.2.2.6.2.2.2 SplicesThe strength of the pipe shall not beadversely affected by the splice.6.2.2.3 SpacingThe spacing center-to-center of adjacentrings of circum
28、ferential reinforcement in a cage shall notexceed 4 in. for pipe with a wall thickness up to and including4 in. and shall not exceed the wall thickness or 6 in., whicheveris smaller, for larger pipe.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed th
29、at when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flowline, all compatible with the permissible variations given inSection 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall be allowed
30、to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic Fibers Collated fibrillated virgin polypro-pylene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-tured
31、specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C 1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Requirements7.1 StrengthThe design strength designation of the pipeshall be the D-load to produce the 0.01-in. crack when tested inaccordance with Test Methods C 497. The relation
32、ship ofultimate strength D-load to the design strength D-load shall bedetermined using a factor of 1.5 for design strength designa-tions up to 2000 lbf/ftft of diameter, a factor varying in linearproportions from 1.5 to 1.25 for design strength designationsfrom 2000 through 3000, and a factor of 1.2
33、5 for designstrength designations in excess of 3000.NOTE 3As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a testcriterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended asan indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.NOTE 4Ultimate strength of concrete
34、pipe in the buried condition isC655072dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes andshall not necessarily have a relationship to the ultimate strength as definedunder three-edge bearing conditions.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish without charge
35、all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.3 Pipe Load Tests The tests for crushing strength, whenrequired, shall be made in accordance with Test MethodsC 497. When alternative methods of load testing are specified,tests shall be made in a
36、ccordance with the alternative require-ments.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in thestandard inside diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 5Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 and diameterslarger than 144 in. are possibly available. When such
37、 sizes are required,the owner should contact the manufacturers in the area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permissible design tolerances shall be given in Section 5.8.2.1 Internal DiameterThe internal diameter of 12through 24-in. pipe shall not vary more than 2 % of the
38、designdiameter for 12-in. pipe and 112 % for 24-in. pipe withintermediate size variation being a linear scale between 2 and112 %. The internal diameter of sizes 27-in. and larger shallnot vary by more than 1 % of the design diameter or 638-in.,whichever is greater. These diameter requirements are ba
39、sed onthe average of four diameter measurements at a distance of12-in. from the end of the bell or spigot of the pipe. Diameterverification shall be made on the number of pipe selected fortest per Section 11.8.2.2 Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe maximumvariation in the nominal position of the
40、reinforcement shall be610 % of the wall thickness or 658 in., whichever is greater.Pipe having variations in the position of the reinforcementexceeding those specified above shall be accepted if thethree-edge-bearing strength requirements obtained on a repre-sentative sample are met. In no case, how
41、ever, shall the coverover the circumferential reinforcement be less than58 in.8.2.3 Length of Two Opposite SidesVariations in thelaying length of two opposite sides of pipe shall not be morethan14 in. for all sizes through 24-in. internal diameter, and notmore than18 in./ft of internal diameter for
42、all larger sizes, witha maximum of58 in. in any pipe through 84-in. internaldiameter, and a maximum of34 in. for 90-in. internal diameteror larger, except where beveled-end pipe for laying on curvesis specified by the owner.8.2.4 Length of PipeThe underrun in length of a section ofpipe shall not be
43、more than18 in./ft with a maximum of12 in.in any length of pipe.8.2.5 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallbe not less than the nominal specified in the design given in5.1.3 by more than 5 % or316 in., whichever is greater. A wallthickness more than that required in the design is not a c
44、ausefor rejection, except that such pipe shall not be used for thetests required in 7.3.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer,
45、 shall be tested to the 0.01-in. crack and toultimate strength and the results recorded. Compute the valuesin 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for both the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimatestrength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq1or Eq 2, which equations yield identical values.s 5 =(Xi2 X!2#/n 2
46、 1! (1)s 5 =(Xi22 ( Xi!2/n#/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to produce the 0.01-in.crack (and the load to develop the ultimate strength),X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3.
47、In Eq 3, the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.07L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L 1 1.07 s (3)where:L = specification limit (specified D-load).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the 0.01-in. crack and ultim
48、ate strength is equal toor greater than the computed values of Xs, and if all the testedspecimens meet or exceed the specification limit.9.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe includin
49、g, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation between designsapproved in accordance with 9.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge-bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.10. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot SamplingWhen the acceptance is to be in accor-dance with 4.1.1, randomly select from the lot a sample of thesize listed in Table 2 and test each specimen to the 0.01-in.crack. When all specimen test strengths are
