1、Designation:C65511 Designation: C655 12Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification cov
3、ers reinforced concrete pipe designed for specific D-loads and intended to be used for the conveyanceof sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C655 has been developedSpecification C655M; therefore, no metricequ
4、ivalents are presented in this specification.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications, and provision f
5、or adequate inspection at the constructionsite. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and the strength designation ofpipe, or durability under unusual environmental conditions. These requirements should be included in t
6、he project specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82/A82MSpecification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete ReinforcementA185/A185MSpecification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for ConcreteA496/A496MSpecification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete ReinforcementA497/
7、A497MSpecification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC33 Specification for Con
8、crete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe a
9、nd Related ProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and ShotcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822
10、.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determined in accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously in accordance with Section 9, the owner may select and have appliedthe basis of acceptance desc
11、ribed in either 4.1.1 or 4.1.2. Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or before placing an order,either basis of acceptance shall be permitted.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 on Rein
12、forced Sewerand Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2011. Published February 2011. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C65509. DOI:10.1520/C0655-11.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edit
13、ion approved in 2011 as C655 11. DOI: 10.1520/C0655-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1Thi
14、s document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editio
15、ns as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and Mate
16、rial Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDeterminein accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 10.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. For guidance see Practice E105.4.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Concrete Compression and Materials Tests and Inspection of Manufact
17、ured Pipe forDefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8 and 11.4.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirements.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following information regarding the pipe unless wa
18、ived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance.5.1.2 Pipe design strength.5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness, laying length, and joint details.5.1.4 Design concrete strength; minimum f 8cequals 4000 psi.5.1.5 Admixtures.5.1.6 Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable r
19、einforcement specification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerances, diameter, spacing and cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, and specialreinforcement.5.1.7 Manufacturing and curing process.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforce
20、d concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150 o
21、r shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of Specification C595, except that thepozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618,
22、Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 ofSpecification C989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the cementshall be one of the following:(1
23、) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified Portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash,(6) A combination of portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag,(7) A combination of portland cem
24、ent, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitious weight), or(8) A combination of portland pozzolan cement and fly ash, provided the fly ash added does not exceed 25 % by weight of theportland pozzo
25、lan cement.6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C33, except that the requirement for gradationshall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shall be allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement sh
26、all consist of wire conforming to Specification A82/A82M or SpecificationA496/A496M, or of wire fabric conforming to Specification A185/A185M or Specification A497/A497MReinforcement shallconsist of wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M, or of bars of Grade 40 steel conforming to Specificati
27、onA615/A615M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materialsand water as will produce a homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test and designrequirements of this speci
28、fication. All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weight.Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.1 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470 lb/yd3unlessmix designs with a lower cementitious material content demonstrate that
29、the quality and performance of the pipe meet therequirements of this specification.6.2.2 Reinforcement:C655 1226.2.2.1 PlacementReinforcement shall be placed as indicated in 5.1.6.2, subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2. Minimumdesign protective cover of concrete over the circumferential reinfor
30、cement in the barrel of the pipe shall be 1 in. for wallthicknesses of 212 in. or greater, and34 in. for wall thicknesses less than 212 in., subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2.6.2.2.2 SplicesThe strength of the pipe shall not be adversely affected by the splice.6.2.2.3 SpacingThe spacing cente
31、r-to-center of adjacent rings of circumferential reinforcement in a cage shall not exceed 4in. for pipe with a wall thickness up to and including 4 in. and shall not exceed the wall thickness or 6 in., whichever is smaller,for larger pipe.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the ends o
32、f the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sections arelaid together they will make a continuous line of pipe with a smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flow line, allcompatible with the permissible variations given in Section 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the
33、 owner, lift eyes or holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for the purposeof handling.6.3 Synthetic Fibers Collated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option,in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only Type III
34、synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specificallyfor use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Requirements7.1 StrengthThe design strength designation of the pipe shall be the D-load to produce the 0.01-in. crack when tested inaccor
35、dance with Test Methods C497. The relationship of ultimate strength D-load to the design strength D-load shall be determinedusing a factor of 1.5 for design strength designations up to 2000 lbf/ftft of diameter, a factor varying in linear proportions from1.5 to 1.25 for design strength designations
36、from 2000 through 3000, and a factor of 1.25 for design strength designations in excessof 3000.NOTE 3As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a test criterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended as an indicationof overstressed or failed pipe under installed con
37、ditions.NOTE 4Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes and shallnot necessarily have a relationship to the ultimate strength as defined under three-edge bearing conditions.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe ma
38、nufacturer shall furnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.3 Pipe Load Tests The tests for crushing strength, when required, shall be made in accordance with Test Methods C497.When alternative methods of load testin
39、g are specified, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in the standard inside diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 5Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 and diameters larger than
40、 144 in. are possibly available. When such sizes are required, the ownershould contact the manufacturers in the area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section, all permissible design tolerances shall be given in Section 5.8.2.1 Internal DiameterThe internal diameter of 12 through 24-i
41、n. pipe shall not vary more than 2 % of the design diameterfor 12-in. pipe and 112 % for 24-in. pipe with intermediate size variation being a linear scale between 2 and 112 %. The internaldiameter of sizes 27-in. and larger shall not vary by more than 1 % of the design diameter or 638-in., whichever
42、 is greater. Thesediameter requirements are based on the average of four diameter measurements at a distance of 12-in. from the end of the bell orspigot of the pipe. Diameter verification shall be made on the number of pipe selected for test per Section 11.8.2.2 Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe
43、 maximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforcement shall be610 % of the wall thickness or 658 in., whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position of the reinforcement exceedingthose specified above shall be accepted if the three-edge-bearing strength requirements obtained
44、on a representative sample aremet. In no case, however, shall the cover over the circumferential reinforcement be less than58 in.8.2.3 Length of Two Opposite SidesVariations in the laying length of two opposite sides of pipe shall not be more than14 in.for all sizes through 24-in. internal diameter,
45、 and not more than18 in./ft of internal diameter for all larger sizes, with a maximumof58 in. in any pipe through 84-in. internal diameter, and a maximum of34 in. for 90-in. internal diameter or larger, except wherebeveled-end pipe for laying on curves is specified by the owner.8.2.4 Length of PipeT
46、he underrun in length of a section of pipe shall not be more than18 in./ft with a maximum of12 in.in any length of pipe.TABLE 1 Standard Designated Inside Diameter, in.12 24 36 60 84 108 13215 27 42 66 90 114 13818 30 48 72 96 120 14421 33 54 78 102 126C655 1238.2.5 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall
47、 thickness shall be not less than the nominal specified in the design given in 5.1.3by more than 5 % or316 in., whichever is greater.Awall thickness more than that required in the design is not a cause for rejection,except that such pipe shall not be used for the tests required in 7.3.9. Acceptance
48、of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five representative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter than standardproduction pipe, as agreed upon by the owner and manufacturer, shall be tested to the 0.01-in. crack and to ultimate strength andthe results recorded. Compute the v
49、alues in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for both the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate strength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s, by Eq 1 or Eq 2, which equations yield identical values.s 5 =(Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)C0655-12_1C0655-12_2where:Xi= observed value of the load to produce the 0.01-in. crack (and the load to develop the ultimate strength),X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs, by Eq 3. In Eq 3, the value of the est
