1、Designation: C655 14C655 15Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers rei
3、nforced concrete pipe designed for specific D-loads and intended to be used for the conveyanceof sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.1.2 Acomplete metric This specification is the inch-pound companion to Specification C655 has been developedSpecificationC6
4、55M; therefore, no metricSI equivalents are presented in this specification. Reinforced concrete pipe that conform to therequirements of C655M are acceptable under this Specification C655 unless prohibited by the Owner.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depend
5、s upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at the constructionsite. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, the re
6、lationship between field load conditions and the strength designation ofpipe, or durability under unusual environmental conditions. These requirements should be included in the project specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA615/A61
7、5M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC33C33/C3
8、3M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC443 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe and Manholes, Using Rubber GasketsC4
9、97 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC595C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC989C989/C989M Specificatio
10、n for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC990 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes, and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint SealantsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced
11、 Concrete and ShotcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC1628 Specification for Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe, Using Rubber GasketsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitio
12、ns of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 on Reinforced Sewerand Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014Oct. 1, 2015. Published F
13、ebruary 2014October 2015. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 asC655 12b.C655 14. DOI: 10.1520/C0655-14.10.1520/C0655-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
14、M Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically po
15、ssible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determined in accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously in accordance with Section 9, the owner may sele
17、ct and have appliedthe basis of acceptance described in either 4.1.1 or 4.1.2. Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or before placing an order,either basis of acceptance shall be permitted.4.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and Material Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for
18、 DefectsDeterminein accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 10.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. For guidance see Practice E105.4.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Concrete Compression and Materials Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe forDefectsDetermine in accordance with S
19、ections 5, 6, 8 and 11.4.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirements.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following information regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance.5.1.2
20、Pipe design strength.5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness, laying length, and joint details.5.1.4 Design concrete strength; minimum f c equals 4000 psi.5.1.5 Admixtures.5.1.6 Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcement specification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Plac
21、ement, placement tolerances, diameter, spacing and cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, and specialreinforcement.5.1.7 Manufacturing and curing process.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials
22、, mineral aggregates, water, andadmixtures, if any, used, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150C150/C150M or s
23、hall beportland blast-furnace slag cement cement, portland-limestone cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to therequirements of Specification C595C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cementshall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to
24、 the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)Slag CementGGBFS Slag cement shall conform to therequirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989C989/C989M.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of
25、 cementitious materials used in the cementshall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace blast-furnace slag cement only,(3) Portland pozzolan Portland-pozzolan cement only,(4) A combination of portland cement and fly ash, Portland-limestone cement only,(5) A combin
26、ation of portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag,or portland-limestone cement and fly ash,(6) A combination of portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash, orcement or portland-limestonecement and slag cement,(7) A combination of portland cement or portland-li
27、mestone cement, slag cement, and fly ash, or(8) A combination of portland pozzolan portland-pozzolan cement and fly ash.6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C33C33/C33M, except that the requirementfor gradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmix
28、turesAdmixtures and blends shall be allowed to be used unless prohibited by theowner.The following admixtures and blends are allowable:6.1.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260/C260M;6.1.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;6.1.4.3 Chemical admixture
29、for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.1.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.C655 1526.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall conform to the requirements of consist of wire and welded wire conforming toSpecification A1064/A1064M, or
30、 of bars conforming to Specification A36/A36M, Specification A615/A615M Grade 40 or 60, orSpecification A706/A706M Grade 60. For helically wound cages only, weld shear tests are not required.6.1.6 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option
31、, in concrete pipeas a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers (Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designed andmanufactured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe
32、aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials,water, and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concrete of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test anddesign requirements of this specification.All concrete shall have
33、 a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weight.Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.1 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470 lb/yd3 unlessmix designs with a lower cementitious material content demonstrate that the quality and performance of t
34、he pipe meet therequirements of this specification.6.2.1.1 Mixing WaterWater used in the production of concrete shall be potable or nonpotable water that meets therequirements of Specification C1602/C1602M.6.2.2 Reinforcement:6.2.2.1 PlacementReinforcement shall be placed as indicated in 5.1.6.2, su
35、bject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2. Minimumdesign protective cover of concrete over the circumferential reinforcement in the barrel of the pipe shall be 1 in. for wallthicknesses of 212 in. or greater, and 34 in. for wall thicknesses less than 212 in., subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2.6.
36、2.2.2 SplicesThe strength of the pipe shall not be adversely affected by the splice.6.2.2.3 SpacingThe spacing center-to-center of adjacent rings of circumferential reinforcement in a cage shall not exceed 4in. for pipe with a wall thickness up to and including 4 in. and shall not exceed the wall th
37、ickness or 6 in., whichever is smaller,for larger pipe.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sections arelaid together they will make a continuous line of pipe with a smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the
38、 flow line, allcompatible with the permissible variations given in Section 8. Joints shall conform to the requirements of Specifications C443,C990, C1628, or other established joint types approved by the owner, including, but not limited to, mortar, sealant orexternally-wrapped joints.6.2.4 Lift Hol
39、esWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for the purposeof handling.6.3 Synthetic Fibers Collated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option,in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing
40、 material. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specificallyfor use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Requirements7.1 StrengthThe design strength designation of the pipe shall be the D-load to produce the 0.01-in.
41、crack when tested inaccordance with Test Methods C497. The relationship of ultimate strength D-load to the design strength D-load shall be determinedusing a factor of 1.5 for design strength designations up to 2000 lbf/ftft of diameter, a factor varying in linear proportions from1.5 to 1.25 for desi
42、gn strength designations from 2000 through 3000, and a factor of 1.25 for design strength designations in excessof 3000.NOTE 3As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a test criterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended as an indicationof overstressed or failed
43、 pipe under installed conditions.NOTE 4Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes and shallnot necessarily have a relationship to the ultimate strength as defined under three-edge bearing conditions.7.2 Test Equip
44、ment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shall furnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.3 Pipe Load TestsThe tests for crushing strength, when required, shall be made in accordance with Test Methods C497.When alternativ
45、e methods of load testing are specified, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in the standard inside diameters listed in Table 1.TABLE 1 Standard Designated Inside Diameter, in.12
46、24 36 60 84 108 13215 27 42 66 90 114 13818 30 48 72 96 120 14421 33 54 78 102 126C655 153NOTE 5Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 and diameters larger than 144 in. are possibly available. When such sizes are required, the ownershould contact the manufacturers in the area.8.2 Design Toleran
47、cesExcept as specified in this section, all permissible design tolerances shall be given in Section 5.8.2.1 Internal DiameterThe internal diameter of 12 through 24-in. pipe shall not vary more than 2 % of the design diameterfor 12-in. pipe and 112 % for 24-in. pipe with intermediate size variation b
48、eing a linear scale between 2 and 112 %. The internaldiameter of sizes 27-in. and larger shall not vary by more than 1 % of the design diameter or 638-in., whichever is greater. Thesediameter requirements are based on the average of four diameter measurements at a distance of 12-in. from the end of
49、the bell orspigot of the pipe. Diameter verification shall be made on the number of pipe selected for test per Section 11.8.2.2 Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe maximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforcement shall be610 % of the wall thickness or 658 in., whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position of the reinforcement exceedingthose specified above shall be accepted if the three-edge-bearing strength requirements obtained on a representative sample aremet. In no case, however, shall the cove
