1、Designation: C704/C704M 15Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at RoomTemperature1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C704/C704M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of relativeabrasion resistance of refractory brick at room temperature
3、.This test method can also be applied to castable refractories(see Metric Dimensions, Practice C861 and Practice C865) andplastic refractories (see Practice C1054).1.2 UnitsWhen values are stated in both SI and inch-pound units, the units are to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated i
4、n each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, use each system independently of the other. Com-bining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Several values are stated onlyin SI units as a matter of convention and to permit comparisonof results. Included a
5、re the abrading media weight (grams),specimen weight (grams), specimen weight loss due to abra-sion (grams), and the resultant volume loss (cubic centimeters).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user
6、 of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A681 Specification for Tool Steels AlloyC134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,and Bulk Density of
7、Refractory Brick and InsulatingFirebrickC179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change ofRefractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensC861 Practice for Determining Metric Dimensions of Stan-dard Series Refractory Brick and ShapesC862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimensby Castin
8、gC865 Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete SpecimensC1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plasticand Ramming Mix SpecimensD4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com-pressed AirE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test
9、 MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)Standard:B40.100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Abrasion Tester (1 dwg)33. Summary of Test Method3.1 This test method mea
10、sures the volume of material incubic centimeters abraded from a flat surface at a right angle toa nozzle through which 1000 g of size-graded silicon carbidegrain is blasted by air at a prescribed air pressure.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method measures the relative abrasion resis-tance of v
11、arious refractory samples under standard conditionsat room temperature.4.2 The abrasion resistance of a refractory material providesan indication of its suitability for service in abrasive environ-ments.4.3 The results obtained by this test method could bedifferent than those obtained in service bec
12、ause of the differentconditions encountered.5. Interferences (Factors known to Affect Results)5.1 During development, a ruggedness test was performedusing 114 by 114 by 12.7 mm 412 by 412 by12 in. float glass1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the
13、direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C704/C704M 14.DOI: 10.1520/C0704_C0704M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww
14、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Detailed prints for the construction of the test chamber are available at anominal cost from ASTM International Headqu
15、arters. Order Adjunct No.ADJC0704.An acceptable test chamber can be made from a weatherproof electricalswitch box.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1plates conforming to Specification C1036. Several factors werefound to c
16、ause statistically significant effects on measuredresults (see Section 10).5.1.1 Nozzle Tube Inside DiameterVariation in the insidediameter of the flint glass nozzle tube statistically affected theabrasion values obtained on the glass plate. Ideal glass tubeinside diameter is 4.8 mm. Glass tube lots
17、 purchased as 7 mmoutside diameter tube with a nominal 1.1 mm wall thicknesscan have inside diameters ranging from 4.6 mm to 5.0 mm. Forthe ruggedness test, flint glass tube inside diameters of 4.7 mmand 4.9 mm were used. Take the statistically significant effectof this small tube inside diameter va
18、riation into consideration.Individually measure and choose all nozzle tubes to conform toa specified 4.8 mm inside diameter.5.1.2 Air PressureVariation in the test air pressure statis-tically affected the abrasion values obtained on the glass plate.Air pressure as specified in this test method is 44
19、8 kPa 65 psimeasured by a gauge capable to 6 6.9kPa 6 1 psi. For theruggedness test, air pressure was maintained at values of 441kPa 64 psi and 455 kPa 66 psi by the use of a calibratedmaster series pressure gauge. Take the statistically significanteffect of this small air pressure variation into co
20、nsideration anduse only gauges as specified in 6.1.5. It is also recommendedthat air gauges be recalibrated at frequent intervals.5.2 Factors that were found to be rugged during the testmethod evaluation were: (1) particle size variation of thesilicon carbide grain between sizings of grain composed
21、of25% 20 mesh by 30 mesh and 75% 30 mesh by 50 mesh siliconcarbide to one composed of 15% 20 mesh by 30 mesh and 85%30 mesh by 50 mesh silicon carbide sizing, (2) nozzle tosample distance varying between 200 mm 778 in. to 206 mm818 i.n, (3) silicon carbide grit amount between 995 g and1005 g, and (4
22、) test operator.6. Apparatus6.1 Abrasion Tester, used for measuring the abrasion resis-tance of refractory specimens, consisting of the following (Fig.1 and Fig. 2):6.1.1 Blast Gun (Leitch Carco Gun Model LC-CG)4, modi-fied for this equipment as shown in Fig. 3. Other sand blast gunmodels or types m
23、ay affect test results.6.1.2 NozzleMake the nozzle from a piece of flint-glasstubing, 115 mm 412 in. long, 7 mm 0.276 in. 6 0.12 mm0.005 in. outside diameter, with a 1.1 mm 0.043 in. 6 0.03mm 0.001 in. wall thickness. When the Carco Blast Gun isused, this will replace the steel nozzle supplied with
24、the gun.Cleanly cut the ends of the glass tube and do not fire polishthem. Check the length and diameter of each tube prior to use.The diameter may be checked by the use of a gage consistingof a tapered stainless steel rod with the 4.8 mm (316 in.)diameter marked on the rod. The glass tubing is held
25、 in placebya70mm(234 in.) long piece of stainless steel or coppertubing with an inside diameter of 7.15 to 7.75 mm 932 to58in. and an outside diameter of 9.53 mm 38 in. Flare thetubing at one end to sit snugly inside a 9.53 mm 38 in. tubingnut. This sleeve is glued or soldered in place inside the 9.
26、53mm 38 in. tubing nut, and is used primarily to hold the glasstubing perpendicular to the test sample, ensuring a propervacuum within the gun. The end of the glass tube throughwhich the abrading media enters the nozzle in the venturichamber is inserted into a 15.9 mm 58 in. outside diameter,6.4 mm
27、14 in. inside diameter rubber grommet with athickness of 4.75 to 6.4 mm 316 to14 in. The glass tube isplaced through the sleeve in the tubing nut, compressing thegrommet within the nut. The nut is attached to the gun. Fit thenozzle tightly into the grommet in order to achieve adequatevacuum (see 8.6
28、). The glass tube is then positioned at adistance of 2 mm 0.08 in. from the air-generator nozzle. Thisis done by using a brass rod, 4.5 mm 0.175 in. in diameterwith a shoulder 7.9 mm 516 in. in diameter, 117 mm 4.59 in.from the tip and inserting this rod into the glass tube. This willallow the opera
29、tor to push the glass tubing up until the rodtouches the venturi, ensuringa2mm0.08 in. gap between theventuri and the glass tubing.6.1.3 VenturiThe air generator nozzle dimensions are aninlet inside diameter of 2.84 to 2.92 mm 0.112 to 0.115 in.and an outlet inside diameter of 2.36 to 2.44 mm 0.093
30、to0.096 in. Inspect the air generator nozzle for wear before anytest series and replace as necessary. The maximum insidediameter of the venturi chamber is 10 mm 38 in. Check theinside diameter periodically for wear (Fig. 4).6.1.4 Air SupplySupply the abrasion gun with clean dryair in accordance with
31、 Test Method D4285. The use ofappropriate drying equipment is necessary in order to achieveconsistent results. Ensure that the air supply is able to supplyan adequate volume of air such that the air pressure does notfluctuate during the test run. If the air supply is also connectedto other equipment
32、, ensure that the air supply is able tomaintain consistent pressure throughout the test run, evenwhen other equipment connected to the supply is operated.Consultation with an industrial professional in compressed airsystems is recommended in setting up the air supply for theabrasion tester.6.1.5 Air
33、 Supply Pressure GaugeAffix a dial or digital testpressure gauge meeting the requirements of ASME B40.100,accuracy grade 3A, 60.25% of the span, to a fitting on top ofthe gun as shown on Fig. 1. Recommended span is 0 to 1000kPa 0 to 100 psig based on an anticipated air supply pressureof 455 kPa 65 p
34、sig.6.1.6 Abrading MediaNew (unused), sharp (angular, jag-ged edged grains), No. 36 grit silicon carbide containingminimal foreign material and having a screen analysis asshown in Table 1. Verify the sizing of the grit by either userconfirmation of the screen analysis or a certificate of confor-manc
35、e from the supplier. Take care to avoid segregation inlarge containers of abrading media. Splitting (possibly with useof a riffler) or another similar procedure and reblending may benecessary to obtain a grit sample conforming to the requiredscreen analysis.4The sole source of supply of the apparatu
36、s known to the committee at this timeis Leitch conversely, two test results that do differ by morethan the repeatability interval shall be considered to be fromdifferent populations.NOTEIdentified by number in this figure are: (1) main supply funnel with metering insert, (2) gun supply funnel, (3) m
37、ain supply funnel, (4) metering funnel, and (5) gunsupply funnel.FIG. 5 Feeding MechanismsC704/C704M 15710.2.2 ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible differ-ence due to test error between two test results obtained by twooperators in different laboratories on the same material usingthe same test equi
38、pment is given by the reproducibility interval(R) and the relative reproducibility interval (% R). The 95 %reproducibility intervals are given in Table 2. Two test resultsthat do not differ by more than the reproducibility interval shallbe considered to be from the same population; conversely, twote
39、st results that do differ by more than the reproducibilityinterval shall be considered to be from different populations.10.3 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test method because the value of the volume loss can bedefined only in terms of a test method.11. Keywords11.1 abra
40、sion resistance; blasted by air; castable refracto-ries; glass plate; flat surface; monolithic refractory materials;refractory brick or shape; room temperatureSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSS1. Supplementary Procedure for Highly Abrasion Re-sistant MaterialsS1.1.1 The requirements of this supplement appl
41、y only whenspecified in the purchase order.S1.1.2 These requirements are designed for applicationswhere increased precision is necessary for the abrasion resis-tance of the refractory material in order to reduce the variabil-ity of results obtained using the standard test procedure.S1.1.3 The requir
42、ements of this supplement modify oraugment the requirements of Test Method C704/C704M.Follow all requirements of the supplement.S1.1.4 Do not compare test results using the supplementaryrequirements to results obtained using the standard testingprocedures.S1.2 Interferences (Factors Known to Affect
43、Results)S1.2.1 A round robin study for these supplementary require-ments is underway. No interference statements can be made atthis time.S1.3 ApparatusS1.3.1 Abrasion Tester (Modification of 6.1)See Fig. S1.1.S1.3.2 Blast Gun (Replaces 6.1.1), machined from a block ofAmerican Iron and Steel Institut
44、e (AISI) Grade A-2 (Specifi-cation A681, Type A-2; UNS T30102) tool steel in accordancewith Fig. S1.2.S1.3.3 Air Supply Pressure Gauge (Modifies 6.1.5)Usetwo pressure gauges. If the readings on the gauges differ bymore than 6.9 kPa (1 psi), recalibrate, repair, or replace thegauges. Use one gauge as
45、 the primary gauge; all pressuremeasurements are to be taken from that gauge. The secondgauge is used only for verification. Ensure that there are notany flow obstructions between the gauge and the gun.S1.3.4 Feeding Mechanism (Replaces 6.1.7)Use a twofunnel feeding mechanism to supply the abrading
46、media to thegun as shown on the left side of Fig. 5. Ensure that the mainsupply funnel has sufficient volume to hold the required 1000g of silicon carbide abrading medium. Provide an orificeapproximately 4.5 mm (0.18 in.) in diameter to control the flowof silicon carbide. Size the orifice so that 10
47、00 g of theabrading media flows through the funnel in 450 6 15 s. Equipthe gun supply funnel with a 4.06 mm 0.16 in. insidediameter, 6.35 mm 0.25 in. outside diameter hose fitting toconnect to the feed line. Provide a gap between the two funnelsto allow for air to be introduced to the particle strea
48、m. Connectthe lower funnel to the feed inlet of the blast gun with clearflexible poly(vinyl chloride) tubing with an inside diameter of6.35 mm 0.25 in.S1.3.5 Test Chamber (Modifies 6.1.8)Usea20mm1316in. mounting hole. Attach the blast gun to the top of thechamber through the hole in the top and secu
49、re it in place witha nut. Ensure the gun is perpendicular to the specimen.S1.3.6 Vacuum Gauge (Modifies 6.1.9) Use two vacuumgauges. If the readings on the gauges differ by more than 6.9kPa (1 psi), recalibrate, repair, or replace the gauges. Use onegauge as the primary gauge; all vacuum measurements are tobe taken from that gauge. The second gauge is used only forverification. Affix the gauges to the blast gun as shown in Fig.S1.1. Ensure that there are not any flow obstructio
