1、Designation: D 1074 02Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Bituminous Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a method for measuring thecompressive strength of compacted bituminous mixtures. It isfor use with specimens wei
3、ghed, batched, mixed, and fabri-cated in the laboratory, as well as for mixtures manufactured ina hot-mix plant.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of t
4、hesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 136 Test Method for Sieve
5、 Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregate2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials2C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting Size2D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates3D 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials3D 979 Pra
6、ctice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures3D 1075 Test Method for Effect of Water on CompressiveStrength of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures3D 2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum SpecificGravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures3D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bit
7、umens)3D 2493 Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Asphalts3D 2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures3D 3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in CompactedDense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures3D 4402 Test Method for Viscosity Determination
8、s of Un-filled Asphalts Using the Brookfield Thermoset Apparatus4D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials Testing5E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines62.2 Federal Specification:Standard Spe
9、cifications for Construction of Roads andBridges on Federal Highway Projects73. Significance and Use3.1 The compressive strength of specimens prepared andtested by this test method along with density and voidsproperties are used for laboratory mix design of bituminousmixtures. One approach is descri
10、bed in ASTM STP 252.83.1.1 This test method also describes the methods formolding, curing, and testing of specimens being evaluated byTest Method D 1075.3.1.2 When used in conjunction with other mixture physicalproperties, the compressive strength may contribute to theoverall mixture characterizatio
11、n and is one factor determiningits suitability for use under given loading conditions andenvironment as a highway paving material.3.2 Typical values of minimum compressive strengths fordesign of bituminous mixtures by this test method for differenttraffic densities are given in Table 401-1 of the “S
12、tandardSpecifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges onFederal Highway Projects.”7Some state departments of trans-portation and federal agencies have specific requirements oftheir own based on their experience with this test method. Theagencies should be consulted for their specific requireme
13、nts ifwork is to meet their standards.3.3 Reheated mixtures are permissible in this test method,but the resulting compressive strengths will be higher than fornewly prepared mixtures due to the change in the binderviscosity, an element of the compressive strength as measured1This test method is unde
14、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 onMechanical Tests of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2002. Published April 2002. Originallypublished as D 1074 49 T. Last previous edition D 1074 96.2An
15、nual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.7“Asphaltic Concrete Mix Requirements,” Standard Specifications for Construc-tion of Roads an
16、d Bridges on Federal Highway Projects, 1996, Federal HighwayAdministration, Washington, DC 20590, p. 233.8Goode, J. F., “Use of the Immersion-Compression Test in Evaluating andDesigning Paving Mixtures.” ASTM STP 252, 1959, pp. 113129.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
17、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.under these loading conditions and temperature.9See Note 1.4. Apparatus4.1 Molds and PlungersThe molds and plungers shall bein accordance with the following:4.1.1 Diameter TolerancesThe mold shall have sufficientheight to allow fabrication of a 101.6
18、 by 101.6 mm (4 by 4 in.)specimen. It shall have an inside diameter of 101.60 to 101.73mm (4.000 to 4.005 in.) and a nominal thickness of 6.4 mm. (14in.).4.1.2 The plungers shall pass through the mold freely andshall have a diameter within 1.27 mm (0.050 in.) of the moldinside diameter. The plungers
19、 may be solid, hollow, or otherstructure so long as the ends are at least 12.7 mm (12 in.) thickand are at a right angle to the mold wall. The bottom plungershall be 506 4mm(2618 in.) high but the top plunger maybe any suitable height.4.1.3 Specimens Other than 101.6 by 101.6 mm (4 by 4in.)Molds and
20、 plungers for fabricating these size specimensare allowed in accordance with Section 6.4.2 SupportsTemporary supports for specimen moldsshall consist of two steel bars, 25.4 6 3.1 mm (1 618 in.)square and a minimum length of 76.2 mm (3 in.).4.3 Testing MachineThe testing machine must be of anytype o
21、f sufficient capacity that will provide a range of accu-rately controllable rates of vertical deformation. Since the rateof vertical deformation for the compression test is specified as0.05 mm/minmm (0.05 in./minin.) of specimen height, and itmay be necessary to test specimens ranging in size from 5
22、0.8by 50.8 mm (2 by 2 in.) to perhaps 203.2 by 203.2 mm (8 by8 in.) in order to maintain the specified minimum ratio ofspecimen diameter to particle size, the testing machine shouldhave a range of controlled speeds covering at least 2.5 mm (0.1in.)/min for 50.8-mm (2-in.) specimens to 10.2 mm (0.4in
23、.)/min for 203.2-mm (8-in.) specimens. The testing machineshall conform to the requirements of Practices E 4. The testingmachine shall be equipped with two steel bearing blocks withhardened faces, one of which is spherically seated and the otherplain. The spherically seated block shall be mounted to
24、 bear onthe upper surface of the test specimen and the plain block shallrest on the platen of the testing machine to form a seat for thespecimen. The bearing faces of the plates shall have a diameterslightly greater than that of the largest specimens to be tested.The bearing faces, when new, shall n
25、ot depart from a true planeby more than 0.0127 mm (0.0005 in.) at any point and shall bemaintained within a permissible variation limit of 0.025 mm(0.001 in.). In the spherically seated block, the center of thesphere shall coincide with the center of the bearing face. Themovable portion of this bloc
26、k shall be held closely in thespherical seat, but the design shall be such that the bearing facecan be rotated freely and tilted through small angles in anydirection.4.4 OvenThe oven used in the preparation of materials orreheating of mixtures shall be controllable within 63C(65F) of any specified t
27、emperature above ambient up to200C (392F).4.5 Hot PlateA small hot plate equipped with a rheostatshall be provided for supplying sufficient heat under the mixingbowl to maintain the aggregate and bituminous material at thedesired temperature during mixing.4.6 Hot Water Bath or OvenA water bath or ov
28、en suffi-ciently large to hold three sets of 101.6-mm (4-in.) molds andplungers. If the water bath does not have an internal tempera-ture control, a hot plate of sufficient capacity with a control tomaintain the water bath at a temperature just under the boilingpoint will be required. The oven shall
29、 be capable of maintain-ing a temperature of between 93.3 to 135C (200 to 275F).4.7 Air BathThe air bath shall be capable of either manualor automatic control for storing the specimens at 25 6 0.5C(77 6 1.0F) immediately prior to making the compressiontest.4.8 BalanceBalances or scales and weights m
30、eeting therequirements of Specification D 4753 shall be provided asappropriate for the sample or ingredient mass.4.9 Mixing MachineMechanical mixing is preferable overhandmixing. Any type of mixer may be used, provided it can bemaintained at the required mixing temperature and will pro-duce a well-c
31、oated, homogeneous mixture of the required sizein two minutes or less, and further provided that it is of suchdesign that fouling of the blades will be minimized and eachindividual batch can be retrieved in essentially its entiretyincluding asphalt and fines. Handmixing is allowable, ifnecessary, bu
32、t for hot mixtures the time required to obtainsatisfactory coating is often excessive and generally the testresults are less uniform than when machine mixing is em-ployed.4.10 SpatulasA flexible spatula for scraping the mixingbowl and a stiff spatula for spading the specimen in the mold.5. Preparati
33、on of Test Mixtures5.1 Limit the size of the individual batches to the amountrequired for one test specimen.5.2 Mix an initial batch for the purpose of “buttering” themixing bowl and stirrers. Empty this batch after mixing andclean the sides of the bowl and stirrers of mixture residue byscraping wit
34、h a small limber spatula. Do not wipe with cloth orwash clean with solvent, except when a change is to be madein the binder or at the end of a run.5.3 Mold a trial specimen in order to determine the correctweight of materials to produce a specimen of the desiredheight. Use the initial or “buttering”
35、 batch for this purpose, ifdesired.5.4 Aggregate ingredient samples shall be obtained in ac-cordance with Practice D 75 and reduced to the appropriatesize by Practice C 702. When preparing aggregates for batch-ing, each reduced ingredient sample shall be separated into thedesired size fractions in a
36、ccordance with Test Method C 136.Agency practice will specify which of the following sievesshould be used to derive the desired fractions: 50.0 mm, 37.5mm, 25.0 mm, 19.0 mm, 12.5 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36mm, and 2.00 mm (2 in., 112 in., 1 in.,34 in.,12 in.,38 in., No.4, No. 8, and No. 10). The mixtu
37、re design, job mix formula, orother control shall be used to combine the appropriate mass of9Welborn, J. Y., Halstead, W. J., and Olsen, R. E., “Relation of AbsoluteViscosity of Asphalt Binders to Stability of Asphalt Mixtures,” Public Roads, Vol.32, No. 6, February 1963, FHWA, Washington, DC. (Also
38、 “Symposium onFundamental Viscosity of Bituminous Materials” ASTM STP No. 328.D 10742each size from each ingredient aggregate to obtain the appro-priate gradation and batch mass, and to determine the appro-priate mass of bitumen to use for each specimen. A represen-tative sample of bitumen shall be
39、obtained in accordance withPractice D 140 from a representative stock of material. Thetemperature versus kinematic viscosity relationship for thebitumen involved dictates the temperature to be used forpreparing the asphalt concrete test specimens. Mixing tempera-ture is the temperature that yields a
40、 viscosity of 170 6 20mm2/s (170 6 20 cSt). Compacting temperature is the tem-perature that yields a viscosity of 280 6 30 mm2/s (280 6 30cSt). Aggregate is heated no hotter than 28C (50F) above themixing temperature to allow for dry mixing prior to adding theasphalt cement. The mixing and compactin
41、g temperatures arenormally available from the bitumen supplier; however, it maybe determined by testing the asphalt cement for kinematicviscosity in accordance with Test Method D 2170 or RotationalViscosity in accordance with Test Method D 4402 at twotemperatures and plotting a graph showing the tem
42、perature andcorresponding viscosity for each of the two points. Tempera-tures of 135C (275F) and 163C (325F) are convenient formany asphalt grades; however, other temperatures may bemore appropriate for some asphalt grades. The temperature-viscosity chart used to plot the graph shall be as described
43、 inCharts D 2493. Greater precision is derived by selecting rangesthat cover a wide range of temperatures.NOTE 1Modified asphalt binders may not adhere to the equi-viscousranges noted in 5.4. The user should refer to the asphalt binder manufac-turer to establish appropriate mixing and compaction tem
44、perature ranges.In no case should the mixing temperature exceed 175C.5.5 Preheat the bowl and batch of aggregate in an ovenmeeting the requirements of 4.4 to a temperature that complieswith the aggregate temperature in 5.4. This will result in anacceptable temperature after dry mixing. With the bowl
45、 ofaggregate resting on a balance, quickly pour the prescribedmass of hot asphalt cement onto the hot aggregate andimmediately mix the asphalt cement into the aggregate withminimal “fanning action.” This can be done with a large spoonby rolling the material from perimeter toward the center tomaximiz
46、e aggregate and asphalt contact and minimize asphaltcontact with the bowl. The mixing shall be completed within90 to 120 s, during which time the temperature should havedropped to about 3 to 5C (5 to 9F) above the compactingtemperature. If the counter top is metal, an insulator such aspaper may be u
47、sed to reduce the rate of cooling. If the materialhas cooled too fast, a hot plate, oven, or similar device shall beused to slightly reheat the mixture. Caution should be exercisedto avoid excessive heating of the material so as to preventcausing an increase in the viscosity of the thin film of asph
48、altcement coating the aggregate.5.6 Bituminous paving mixtures shall be sampled in accor-dance with Practice D 979 and reduced to slightly more thanneeded to fabricate the specimen. The size reduction shall be inaccordance with Practice C 702, Method B. Then the mass ofthe reduced sample will be adj
49、usted to the required mass byremoving and discarding a small amount of mixture. Care mustbe exercised to discard both fine and coarse particles tomaintain proper gradations. Place the weighed mixture into anappropriate container and heat in an oven to the mixingtemperature provided in 5.4 for the asphalt represented in themixture. Thoroughly mix the mixture until the temperature is 3to 5C (5 to 9F) above the compacting temperature. This willresult in the mixture being at the compacting temperature whencompacting begins. Compacting may commence
