1、Designation: D1310 01 (Reapproved 2007)D1310 14Standard Test Method forFlash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-CupApparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 Thi
3、s test method covers the determination by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus of the flash point and fire point of liquids havingflash points between 18 and 165C (0 and 325F) and fire points up to 325F.1.2 This test method, when applied to paints and resin solutions that tend to skin over or that are very viscou
4、s, gives lessreproducible results than when applied to solvents.NOTE 1In order to conserve time and sample, the fire point of a material may be determined by the Tag Open-Cup Method by continuing the heatingof the specimen to its fire point. Fire points may also be determined by Test Method D92, whi
5、ch should be used for fire points beyond the scope of thistest method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or asse
6、mblies in response toheat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire riskof materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a firerisk assessment whi
7、ch takes into account all of the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat andflame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not
8、be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessmentwhich takes into account all of the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of
9、a particular end use1.5 WarningMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and
10、 mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) fordetails and EPAs website, http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be aware that sellingmercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by la
11、w.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
12、 Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterD850 Test Method for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related MaterialsD1015 Test Method for Freezing Points of High-Purity HydrocarbonsD1016 Test Method for Purity of Hydrocarbons from Freezing Poi
13、ntsD1078 Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Organic LiquidsD1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl Fischer Reagent Titration Method)1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the dire
14、ct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2007Dec. 15, 2014. Published August 2007January 2015. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 asD1310 01.D1310 01 (2007). DOI: 10.1520/D1310-01R
15、07.10.1520/D1310-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM sta
16、ndard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cas
17、es only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2268 Test Meth
18、od for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane and Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE1137 Specifica
19、tion for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision LiquidsE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 flash point, nthe lowest temperature, corrected to a pressure of 760 mm Hg (1
20、01.3 kPa, 1013 mbar), at which applicationof an ignition source causes the vapor of the specimen to ignite by the procedure described.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fire point, nthe lowest temperature at which a specimen sustains burning for a minimum of 5 s by the procedur
21、edescribed.4. Summary of Method4.1 The specimen is placed in the cup of a Tag Open-Cup Apparatus and heated at a slow, but constant rate. A small test flameis passed at a uniform rate across the cup at specified intervals until a flash occurs. To determine the fire point, the test is continueduntil
22、the application of the test flame causes the specimen to ignite and burn for at least 5 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 Flash point and fire point of a liquid are physical properties that may be used to define their flammability hazards. The flashpoint may be used to classify materials in government re
23、gulations.6. Apparatus6.1 Flash TesterTag Open-Cup Apparatus (Fig. 1), as described in detail in Annex A1.6.2 Shield, as described in detail in Annex A1.6.3 Thermometers, conforming to Specification E1, as listed in Table 1Alternative temperature measuring devices are permittedproviding they have a
24、similar response time and meet the respective performance and immersion depth specifications ofthermometers listed in Specification E1. See Specifications E1137 and E2251, and Guide E2877 when selecting alternativetemperature measuring devices.6.4 Flasks, 500-mL, two, with rubber stoppers.7. Materia
25、ls7.1 Water-Glycol Solution (1 + 1), for flash points from 18 to 93C (0 to 200F).7.2 Solid Carbon Dioxide-Acetone or other Coolant.7.3 Silicone Fluid, inert, high boiling, having a flash point exceeding the test temperatures by at least 60C (110F) for flashand fire points from 93 to 165C (200 to 325
26、F).7.4 n-Heptane,3for determination of flash points from 18 to 16C (0 to 60F). See Annex A2 for specifications.7.5 p-Xylene,3for determination of flash points from 16 to 93C (60 to 200F). See Annex A2 for specifications.7.6 Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol),4for determination of flash points from 16 t
27、o 93C (60 to 200F). See Annex A2 forspecifications.7.7 Diethylene Glycol,5for determination of flash points from 93 to 165C (200 to 325F). See Annex A2 for specifications.8. Assembly and Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Place the tester in a level position on a solid table free of vibration, in a locatio
28、n free of perceptible draft, and in a dim light.Maintain a room temperature of 2463C (7565F) throughout the test. Other room temperatures may be specified on agreementbetween buyer and seller.3 Satisfactory n-heptane and p-xylene can be obtained from Special Products Division, Chemical Department, P
29、hillips Petroleum Company, Drawer O, Borger, TX 79607.4 Satisfactory isopropanol may be obtained from Exxon Chemical, Americus P. O. Box 3272, Houston, TX 77001, Shell Chemical Co., One Shell Plaza, Houston, TX77002, or Union Carbide Co., P. O. Box 8361, South Charleston, WV 25303.5 Satisfactory die
30、thylene glycol may be obtained from Union Carbide Co., S. Charleston, WV.D1310 142Metric Equivalentsin. mm21316 71.43316 81678 174.5FIG. 1 Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD1310 143NOTE 2For materials with vapors or products of pyrolysis that are objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus with shi
31、eld in a fume hoodwith the ventilation turned off. The ventilation can then be turned on at completion of the test, or when and if fumes become objectionable.8.2 Adjust the horizontal and vertical positions of the taper so that the jet passes on the circumference of a circle having a radiusof at lea
32、st 6 in. (150 mm). The jet should pass across the center of the cup at right angles to a diameter passing through thethermometer and in a plane 18 in. (3.2 mm) above the upper edge of the cup as measured from the center of the orifice.8.3 Using the leveling device as a gage, adjust the height of the
33、 taper so that the center of the orifice is exactly 18 in. (3.2 mm)above the top edge of the glass cup when it is in place. It is imperative that this adjustment be made as accurately as possible.Raising or lowering the taper can be achieved by bending it slightly or preferably by adding and removin
34、g thin metal shims asrequired from between the taper and the vertical supporting member of the swivel holder.8.4 With the glass cup in place in the bath, adjust the thermometer holder so that the thermometer is supported firmly in avertical position halfway between the center and edge of the cup and
35、 on a line passing through the center of the cup and the pivotof the taper. Place the thermometer so that the bottom of the bulb is 14 in. (6.4 mm) from the inner bottom of the cup.8.5 Set the draft shield around the tester so that the sides form right angles with each other and the tester is well t
36、oward the backof the shield.9. Procedure9.1 Flash Points from 18 to 16C (0 to 60F) (WarningMeticulous attention to all details relating to the taper, size of taperflame, rate of temperature increase, and rate of passing the taper over the sample is necessary for good results.)9.1.1 Equip two 500-mL
37、flasks with rubber stoppers through which are inserted ASTM 33C (33F) thermometers. Cool aquantity of 1 + 1 water-glycol solution in one stoppered 500-mL flask to approximately 30C (20F) by immersing the flask ina solid carbon dioxide-acetone bath or other coolant. Use extreme care not to contaminat
38、e the water-glycol solution with eitheracetone or carbon dioxide.9.1.2 Pour the cooled water-glycol solution into the tester bath to a predetermined level 3.2 mm (18 in.) below the top whenthe cup is in place. An overflow is desirable for controlling the liquid level in the bath.9.1.3 At the same ti
39、me the water-glycol coolant is being chilled, cool a portion of the sample to approximately 25C (10F)in the second stoppered 500-mL flask. If solid carbon dioxide and acetone or other volatile solvents are used as a coolant, extremecare must be exercised to avoid contamination of the sample. Cool th
40、e glass cup and place it in the bath. Position the appropriatethermometer (Table 1) as described in 8.4 and fill the cup with cooled sample to a depth approximately 3.2 mm (18 in.) below theedge as determined by the leveling device.NOTE 3Remove all bubbles from the surface of the liquid before start
41、ing a determination.9.1.4 Light the ignition flame and adjust it to form a flame of spherical shape matching in size the 532-in. (4.0-mm) sphere onthe apparatus or the 532-in. hole in the leveling device.9.1.5 Make the final adjustment of the specimen level in the cup when the temperature is 20F (10
42、C) below the anticipatedflash point. Two trial determinations may be necessary to select the proper temperature at which to adjust the liquid level. Ahypodermic syringe or medicine dropper provides a convenient means of adding or removing sample from the cup.9.1.6 Allow the temperature of the specim
43、en to increase spontaneouslywithout applying any heatuntil the rate oftemperature rise decreases to 2F (1C)/min.At this point, apply heat to maintain an increase in temperature at a rate of 2 6 0.5F(1 6 0.25C)/min.NOTE 4With viscous materials, this rate of heating cannot always be maintained.9.1.7 D
44、etermine the approximate flash point by passing the taper flame across the specimen at intervals of 2F (1C). Make thefirst pass of the taper flame immediately after the final adjustment of the specimen level, as in 9.1.5. The time required to pass theignition flame across the surface of the liquid s
45、hould be 1 s. Each pass must be in one direction only, and the taper should be keptin the “off” position at one or the other end of the swing except when the flame is applied to the specimen. In case the materialtends to “creep” over the edge of the cup, carefully wipe the edge with absorbant tissue
46、 to remove frost and liquid, just prior topassage of the taper over the cup.TABLE 1 ThermometersASTMThermometerNumberThermometer Range ThermometerSubdivisionsFlash Point/Fire Point:0 to 60F 33F-75 36.5 to + 107.5F 0.5F18 to 15C 33C-75 38 to + 42C 0.2C60 to 200F 9F-75 20 to 230F 1F15 to 93C 9C-75 5 t
47、o 110C 0.5C200 to 325F 35F-79 194 to 338F 0.5F93 to 165C 35C-79 90 to 170C 0.2CD1310 144NOTE 5When determining the flash point or fire point, or both, of viscous liquids and those liquids that tend to form a surface film, the followingprocedure is suggested: About 15 s before the taper is passed ove
48、r the surface, insert the end of a stirring rod to a depth of about 12 in. (15 mm) inapproximately a vertical position. Move the rod from side-to-side of the cup for three or four complete passes following approximately the path of thetaper, remove, and make the test.NOTE 6Discontinue heating and ch
49、ecking flash point if the specimen boils before flashing. Record that the material has no flash point prior to boiling.9.1.8 Continue with procedure in 9.4.9.2 Flash Points from 60 to 200F (16 to 93C) (See 9.1 and Notes 3-5):9.2.1 Fill the bath with cold water or water-glycol solution to a predetermined level 18 in. (3.2 mm) below the top when thecup is in place. The bath liquid should be at least 30F (17C) below the anticipated flash point.9.2.2 If necessary, cool a portion of th
