1、Designation: D1881 97 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forFoaming Tendencies of Engine Coolants in Glassware1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a simple gl
3、assware test forevaluating the tendency of engine coolants to foam underlaboratory-controlled-conditions of aeration and temperature.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
4、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 7.2 and 7.4.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are approximateequivalents provided
5、for information purposes only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1176 Practice for Sampling and Preparing Aqueous Solu-tions of Engine Coolants or Antirusts for Testing PurposesD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD3585 Specification forASTM Reference Fluid for CoolantTestsE1 Specification
6、for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Per-meability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory Use3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 break time, nthe time required for the foam tocollapse (after the air supply has been shu
7、t off) to the firstappearance of an “eye” on the surface of the test solution.3.1.2 eye, nthe appearance of foam free area on thesurface of the test coolant surrounded by a ring of foamclinging to the cylinder walls.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A solution of coolant and ASTM Type II water is blownwi
8、th air at a constant rate for 5 min, while maintained at aconstant temperature of 88 6 1C (190 6 2F) by means of asuitable temperature bath. The volume of foam, and the timefor such foam to break, are measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method generally will distinguish coolants thathave a
9、tendency to foam excessively from those that aresuitable for further evaluation to determine performance inactual service.NOTE 1In use, the foaming tendency of a coolant solution may beincreased by service aging or contamination. A properly functioningpressure cap will tend to suppress foaming in co
10、olant solutions.6. Apparatus6.1 ContainerA 500-mL graduated container of heat-resistant glass, having a diameter of 45 to 50 mm and a lengthof 380 mm.6.2 Temperature BathA heat resistant glass containerlarge enough to permit immersion of the graduated container atleast to the 350 mL graduation mark.
11、 A 4000-mL beaker issatisfactory.6.3 Heat SourceAny heating system capable of maintain-ing a uniform bath temperature 61C (62F). A750-wattelectric hot-plate is satisfactory.6.4 Aerator TubeA 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter sphericalgas-diffuser stone3made of fused crystalline alumina grainwhich meets the f
12、ollowing specifications when tested inaccordance with the method given in Annex A1:Maximum pore diameter, m Not greater than 80Permeability at a pressure of 2.45 kPa, mL of air/min 3000 to 64006.5 ThermometerAnASTM Partial Immersion Thermom-eter having a range from 20 to +150C (0 to 302F) andconform
13、ing to the requirements for Thermometer 1F as pre-scribed in Specification E1.6.6 Air SupplyA clean and dry source, free from greaseand other contaminants, capable of maintaining the prescribedflow rate through the diffuser stone.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D15 on E
14、ngineCoolants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D15.06 on GlasswarePerformance Tests.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1961 as D1881 61 T. Last previous edition D1881 97(02)1. DOI:10.1520/D1881-97R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
15、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3For information on aerator supplier and specifications contact ASTM Subcom-mittee D15.06 thro
16、ugh ASTM International Headquarters.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.7 TimerAstop watch or suitable timing device, accurateto 60.2 s.6.8 VentA three-way stopcock inserted in the metered airsupply line immediately ahe
17、ad of the aerator tube.6.9 Typical Assembly Set-UpA typical apparatus using ahot-plate heat source is shown in Fig. 1.7. Materials and Reagents7.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water means reagent water as defined by Type II ofSpecification D1193.7.2 Acetone, for flushing a
18、nd drying the test equipment.(WarningAcetone is extremely flammable.)7.3 Specification D3585 Test CoolantUnless otherwiseindicated, references to the reference test coolant meansSpecification D3585 coolant prepared without antifoam (Plu-ronic L-61) as defined in Specification D3585.7.4 Cleaning Bath
19、Refers to an acid or base cleaningsolution used to clean glassware between tests. The choice ofcleaning baths depends on individual needs. For example,Nochromix and alcoholic sodium (potassium) hydroxide arecommon acid and base cleaning baths, respectively.4(WarningThe cleaning baths are strong oxid
20、ants and strongacid and base, respectively. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, andclothing. Do not breathe vapor. Handle in a fume hood.)8. Test Solution8.1 A33 % by volume solution of reference coolant (Speci-fication D3585 test coolant without antifoam) shall be preparedwith the proper quantity of Typ
21、e II water.8.2 Prepare a 33 % by volume solution of the coolant to betested with Type II water. Use the same glassware used toprepare the reference coolant test solution. Rinse the glasswarewith Type II water between preparations.Additive concentratesshall be diluted with Type II water to recommende
22、d useconcentration. Preparation of the sample shall be done inaccordance with treatment of mixtures described in TestMethod D1176. Thus, any insoluble materials will be includedin the representative sample.9. Test Conditions9.1 Test TemperatureThe temperature bath shall be kept ata constant volume (
23、350 to 375 mL mark of the graduatedcylinder) throughout the test. The test solution shall be main-tained at 88 6 1C (190 6 2F) throughout. This temperatureis suitable for both high-boiling and low-boiling coolants.9.2 Aeration RateThe aeration rate shall be 1000 6 25mL/min.9.3 Number of TestsThe ref
24、erence coolant shall be testedto determine if the glassware and testing equipment is con-taminated with residue defoamer. If the reference coolant givesa foam volume of greater than 250 mL and a break time ofgreater than 8 s, drain the reference coolant from the glassware,rinse with Type II water an
25、d use for the preparation of the testcoolant.9.3.1 Each test coolant shall be tested in triplicate, using afreshly prepared test solution (Section 8) for each test. Theentire container and aerator tube (see 6.1 and 6.4) shall becleaned scrupulously between each test. The container shall becleaned in
26、 cleaning bath and the aerator tube shall be immersedfirst in acetone and flushed back and forth, and then in waterand flushed back and forth, using vacuum and air pressure. Theentire assembly shall be thoroughly rinsed with Type II waterbefore each test.NOTE 2Scrupulously cleaning of the glassware,
27、 aerator tube anddiffuser stone between tests will reduce the potential carry-over ofantifoam from previous test or glassware detergents that can interfere withtest reproducibility.10. Procedure10.1 Heat 145 mL of solution to 88C (190F) in thecontainer positioned in the temperature bath. Immerse the
28、aerator tube and read the level of the liquid to the nearest 5 mL.Measure the temperature with the thermometer inside thegraduated container.10.2 Connect air supply, position stopcock to permit air flowto aerator tube, and adjust the air flow rate of 1000 mL/min4Nochromix is an inorganic oxidizer th
29、at contains no metallic ions. The whitepowder is dissolved in water and mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid, giving asolution that reportedly is more strongly oxidizing than chromic acid.The sole source of supply of Nochromix known to the committee at this time isGodax Laboratories Inc., 720B Erie
30、 Ave., Takoma Park, MD 20912. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Apparatus
31、 for Glassware FoamTestD1881 97 (2009)2using a manometer or other suitable instrument for accuratelymeasuring volumes of air flow.10.3 If the volume of the test solution drops as a result ofevaporation, replenish the test solution to its original volumeusing Type II water before initiating aeration.
32、 Measure thetemperature of the test solution at the start of aeration.10.4 The timing of the 5-min aeration period shall start atthe appearance of the first bubbles in the test solution.10.5 At the end of 5 min, measure the volume of foam at thehighest level and subtract the initial volume read afte
33、r insertingthe aerator tube. Read the foam volume to the nearest 5-mLgraduation.10.6 Relieve the air pressure by positioning the three-waystopcock to shut off the air supply and vent the inlet tube to theatmosphere simultaneously, and record precisely (60.2 s) thetime for the foam to collapse to the
34、 first appearance of an “eye”on the surface of the test solution.11. Report11.1 The testing shall be done in triplicate, using a freshlyprepared solution for each test run. The report shall include thetest results tabulated as follows:“Break Time”Foam Volume AppearanceTest Run at 5 min of “Eye”1 _mL
35、 _s2 _mL _s3 _mL _sAverage _mL _s12. Precision and Bias12.1 A statement on precision is under review, and roundrobin testing is currently in progress.13. Keywords13.1 engine coolants; foaming; glasswareANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TEST FOR MAXIMUM PORE DIAMETER AND PERMEABILITY OF STONE DIFFUSERS
36、(Based on Test Method E128E128)A1.1 DefinitionsA1.1.1 maximum pore diameterthe diameter in microme-tres of a capillary of circular cross section which is equivalent(with respect to surface tension effects) to the largest pore inthe diffuser under consideration.A1.1.2 permeabilitythe flow of air, in
37、millilitres perminute through the diffuser stone at air pressure of 2.5 kPa(250 mm of water).A1.2 ApparatusA1.2.1 Apparatus for the maximum pore diameter determi-nation consists of a regulated source of clean, dry, compressedair; a U-tube water manometer of sufficient length to read apressure differ
38、ential of 800 mm; and a cylinder of a sizesufficient (250 mL is suitable) to conveniently immerse adiffuser stone to a depth of 100 mm.A1.2.2 Additional apparatus for permeability determinationconsists of a gas volume meter of sufficient capacity to measureflow rates of at least 6000 mL/min, and a f
39、iltering flask largeenough that 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter diffuser stones will passthrough the neck. The flask shall be fitted with a rubber stopperwith a single hole to admit the air-inlet tube (see Fig. A1.1).A1.3 ProcedureA1.3.1 Maximum Pore DiameterSupport the clean dif-fuser by an air-inlet tube
40、 at a depth of 100 mm as measured tothe top of the stone in distilled water in a cylinder and allow itto soak for at least 2 min. Connect the air-inlet tube to acontrollable source of clean, compressed air and a manometeras shown in Fig. A1.2. Increase the air pressure at a rate ofabout 50 mm of wat
41、er/min until the first dynamic bubble passesthrough the filter and rises through the water. The first dynamicFIG. A1.1 Apparatus for Measuring PermeabilityD1881 97 (2009)3bubble is recognized by being followed by a succession ofadditional bubbles. Read the water level in both legs of themanometer an
42、d record the difference as the pressure, p. Theuniformity of distribution of pores approaching maximum poresize may be observed by gradually increasing the air pressureand noting the uniformity with which streams of bubbles aredistributed over the surface.Calculate maximum pore diameter, D, in micro
43、metres, asfollows:D 5 29 225/p 100! (A1.1)where:p = pressure, mm.A1.3.2 PermeabilityConnect the clean, dry diffuser stoneto a controllable source of clean, dry, compressed air and placeit in a filtering flask connected to a suitable flowmeter as shownin Fig. A1.1. Adjust the pressure differential to
44、 2.5 kPa (250mm of water) and measure the rate of flow of air through thediffuser stone in millilitres per minute. Depending on thesensitivity of the flowmeter used, this observation may bemade for a suitably longer period and the average flow rate perminute recorded.ASTM International takes no posi
45、tion respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibili
46、ty.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to AST
47、M International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address
48、shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. A1.2 Apparatus for Measuring Maximum Pore SizeD1881 97 (2009)4
