1、Designation: D 1907 07Standard Test Method forLinear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1907; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the lineardensity of all types of yarn in package form, subject to thelimitation
3、s of size and stretch given in 1.2 and 1.3. Provision ismade for expressing yarn linear density in all the traditionalyarn numbering systems.1.2 This method is applicable to yarns that stretch less than5 % when tension on the yarn is increased from 0.25 to 0.75cN/tex (0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex). By mutual
4、 agreement, and use ofa lower than specified reeling tension, this method may also beadapted to measure the linear density of yarns that stretch morethan 5 %, under the above force.1.3 This method is applicable to yarns finer than 2000 tex.However, it may be also adapted to coarser yarns by the use
5、ofskeins of shorter than specified lengths, and alternate reelingconditions, agreeable to the interested parties.1.4 Depending on the procedure used to calculate themoisture content of the yarn being tested, and its actualmoisture content, or finish content, or both, one or more of thefollowing opti
6、ons may be utilized.1.4.1 Unscoured Yarn:Option 1Yarn at equilibrium with the standard atmospherefor testing textiles.Option 2Oven-dried yarn.Option 3Oven-dried yarn, plus commercial moisture re-gain.1.4.2 Scoured Yarn:Option 4Scoured yarn at equilibrium with the standardatmosphere for testing texti
7、les.Option 5Oven-dried, scoured yarn.Option 6Oven-dried, scoured yarn, plus commercial mois-ture regain.Option 7Oven-dried, scoured yarn, plus commercial al-lowance (commercial moisture regain, plus an allowance forfinish).1.5 Specimens used to determine yarn linear density mayalso be used to determ
8、ine the skein breaking strength of theyarn. Hence, this method provides the sequence of steps to befollowed, to determine both these yarn properties.NOTE 1The linear density of yarns produced with jute, or glass, mayalso be determined by the following approved methods: SpecificationsD 541, D 578, an
9、d D 681. The linear density of short yarn segments,raveled from fabrics, may be determined by Test Method D 1059.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values shown in parentheses are approximateconversions to U.S. customary unit equivalents.1.7 This standard does not p
10、urport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
11、D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 541 Specification for Single Jute Yarn3D 578 Specification for Glass Fiber StrandsD 681 Specification for Jute Rove and Plied Yarn forElectrical and Packing Purposes3D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length SpecimensD 1578 Test Method for Break
12、ing Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD 1909 Standard Table of Commercial Moisture Regainsfor Textile FibersD 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in TextilesD 2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testin
13、gD 2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment ofYarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or TowD 4849 Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.11, Cotton andFibers, refer to Terminology D 4849.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standa
14、rd:commercial allowance, commercial moisture regain, direct1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 19
15、61 T. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 1907 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Wi
16、thdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.yarn numbering system, indirect yarn numbering system, lineardensity for fiber and yarn, skein, yarn number, yarn numberingsystem.3.2 For all other terminology, refer to Termino
17、logy D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Specified lengths of yarn are wound on reels as skeins,and weighed. The linear density of the yarn is computed fromthe mass and length of the skein. In some options, the skein isscoured before weighing, and, depending on the option chosen,the mass of the skein
18、 may be determined after oven drying, orafter conditioning.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method D 1907 is considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, since it has beenused extensively in the trade for that purpose.5.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in repo
19、rtedtest results when using Test Method D 1907 for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories.5.1.2 Competent statistical assistance is recommended forthe determinat
20、ion of such a bias.As a minimum, the two partiesshould take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneousas possible, and that are from the same lot of the material inquestion. The test specimens should then be randomly assignedin equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The averageresults
21、from the two laboratories should be compared usingstatistical analysis for unpaired data, and an acceptable prob-ability level chosen by the parties before testing begins. If abias is found, either its cause must be identified and corrected,or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret futur
22、e testresults for that material with consideration to the known bias.5.2 This test method is intended primarily for the determi-nation of the average linear density of yarns. However, thevariations identified by the results may also provide usefulinformation. If the coefficient of variation is to be
23、 calculated,each skein must be weighed separately, and a larger number ofskeins will need to be tested (as compared to the number ofskeins to be tested for the determination of the average yarnlinear density alone).5.3 This test method includes seven options, depending onwhether the yarn is scoured
24、before weighing, weighed in theconditioned or oven-dried state, or whether or not the resultsobtained are adjusted for commercial moisture regain, or acommercial allowance. Option 1 (unscoured, conditioned yarn)is generally used for yarns spun on the cotton system, whileOptions 6 and 7 (scoured, ove
25、n dried yarn, plus commercialmoisture regain, or allowance are generally used for filamentyarns, or yarns containing wool fibers. The specific options tobe used in any instance shall be agreed upon by the parties, oras prescribed in test methods or tolerances, for filament yarns,or for yarns spun fr
26、om specific fibers.5.4 In Options 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, an oven-dried sample isobtained by exposing the yarn in an oven with a supply of airat standard textile testing conditions, as described in 6.3.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Reel:6.1.1 GeneralA hand reel or motor driven reel having aperimeter of 1.
27、000 m or 1.500 yd. with a tolerance of 60.25 %is recommended. By prior agreement, reels having a perimeterof between 1.0 and 2.5 m (1.5 and 3.0 yd) may be used. Thereel shall be fitted with a traversing mechanism that will avoidbunching successive wraps of yarn, and with an indicator of thelength wo
28、und.Awarning bell that rings at a specified length, isalso recommended. And, it is advisable that one arm of the reelbe collapsible, to allow for easy removal of the wound skeins.6.1.2 Reel PerimeterDetermine the actual perimeter ofthe reel by winding a 0.6 cm. (0.25 in.) wide steel measuringtape ar
29、ound the reel. Tension the tape prior to directly readingthe circumference of the reel, by attaching a 0.5 kg (1.0 lb)weight to the end of the tape. Repeat this measurement neareach end of the bars of the reel, and in the center. If thecircumference at any of these areas is outside the limits of1.00
30、0 6 2.5 mm (1.500 + 0.1 in.), adjust the fly wheel to bringthe measurement(s) within the limits.6.1.3 Yarn TensioningThe reel shall be fitted with either apositive fee system at a controlled tension of 0.5 cN/tex (0.05gf/ tex) or with an adjustable tension device. The length of theskeins should be c
31、hecked, and variations in length not beallowed to exceed 60.25 % (See Annex A1).6.2 BalanceFor the determination of average yarn lineardensity, a balance of suitable capacity, graduated in grams orgrains, with a sensitivity of 1 part in 1000 should be used. Ifsingle skeins are weighed, a balance gra
32、duated directly in yarnlinear density may be used.NOTE 2The 1:1000 balance sensitivity is needed to ascertain thecompletion of conditioning, or oven drying. For subsequent weighings ofskeins, a 1:500 sensitivity has been found to be sufficient.NOTE 3For the calculation of the variation of yarn linea
33、r density, a1:100 balance sensitivity is sufficient to weigh individual skeins, after theskeins are conditioned, or oven-dried.6.3 Drying OvenAn oven, ventilated and capable of beingcontrolled in a temperature range of 105 6 3C (221 6 5F),is required to dry the skeins. The oven should be of sufficie
34、ntdesign to facilitate the free passage of air through the speci-mens, and should be supplied with a current of air sufficient tochange the air in the oven once every 4 min. The specimensshall be protected from any direct heat, radiating from theheating units of the oven. Air supplied to the oven sh
35、all be atthe standard atmosphere for testing textiles. The oven may beprovided with facilities to shut off the air current and weigh thespecimens, without removing them from the oven.6.4 Facilities for Scouring (Options 4, 5, 6, and 7), asindicated in X2.2, or in Sections 6.1 and 6.3 of Test MethodD
36、 2494.6.5 Weighing Cans, with tight fitting lids, and of sufficientsize to hold all skeins, or groups of skeins (Options 2, 3, 5, 6,and 7), if the weighing is to be done outside the oven. Weighingbottles with ground-glass stoppers may also be used.6.6 Auxiliary Facilities, suited to the specimens an
37、d optionsused, such as sample supports, tared wire gauze baskets ofcorrosion resistant metal, dessicators of sufficient size to holdthe weighing cans or bottles, and an efficient dessicant.D19070727. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping u
38、nits directed in anapplicable material specification, or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and supplier, such as an agreement to usePractice D 2258. Consider cartons or other shipping units to bethe primary sampling units.NOTE 4An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and
39、 the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit,and between specimens from a single package, to provide a sampling planwith a meaningful producers risk, users risk, acceptable quality level,and limiting quality level.7
40、.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, take at random from each shipping unit in the lotsample the number of packages or ends directed in anapplicable material specification, or as agreed to betweenpurchaser and supplier (such as an agreement to use PracticeD 2258). Pref
41、erably, the same number of packages should betaken from each shipping unit in the lot sample.7.2.1 Average of Yarn Linear DensityWhen only theaverage of the yarn linear density is to be determined, take alaboratory sample as follows:Filament yarns 5 packagesYarns spun on Worstedor Cotton systems 10
42、packagesYarns spun on Bast, orWoollen systems 20 packages7.2.2 Average and Variability of Yarn Linear DensityWhen both the average and variability of the linear density ofyarn are to be determined, take a laboratory sample of 30packages. If possible, take an equal number of randomlyselected packages
43、 from each case in the lot sample.7.3 Test SpecimensTest one skein from each package inthe laboratory sample.NOTE 5Since the variation in yarn linear density is usually higherbetween packages than within packages, no appreciable improvement inprecision can be expected by testing more than one skein
44、from eachpackage.7.3.1 An exception to the information provided in Note 5may occur in packages of filament yarns; consistent differencesin yarn linear density are sometimes present between yarn onthe outside of the package, as compared to yarn on the inside.If such differences are suspected, test mo
45、re than one skein fromeach package, without reducing the number of packagessampled for testing, taking skeins at intervals throughout thepackages.8. Conditioning8.1 Before reeling test skeins, condition yarn in skein formin the standard atmosphere for testing textiles for a minimumof 1 h, and yarn o
46、n packages for a minimum of 3 h.Additionally, prior to testing, preconditioning of the test skeinsmay be required for Option 1, but is not necessary for Options2 through 7.NOTE 6For Options 2 through 7, where the yarn is scoured oroven-dried after reeling, the conditioning prior to reeling is requir
47、ed toensure a correct skein length.9. Procedure9.1 General:9.1.1 The procedure used depends on the options selected;Table 1 shows the steps to be followed for each option.9.1.2 If both the breaking load and linear density are to bedetermined, test conditioned skeins for breaking strengthbefore scour
48、ing, as directed in Test Method D 1578.For Option 1, condition the yarn prior to reeling test skeins.Pre-condition, then condition the test skeins; perform skeinbreaking load tests prior to weighing the skeins. For all theother Options, condition the yarn prior to reeling test skeins.Precondition, t
49、hen condition the test skeins, break them, thenproceed with oven drying or scouring, or both, and thesubsequent steps shown in Table 1.9.2 Tension for Reeling:9.2.1 To establish the required tension for reeling, reel askein from each of two packages, and immediately check theirlengths, as prescribed in Appendix. If the length of either skeindeparts from the set length by more than 0.25 %, adjust thereeling tension and repeat the reeling measurement until bothskeins fall within the 60.25 % tolerance. If yarn is supplied onmore than one type of package,
