1、Designation: D2171/D2171M 10Standard Test Method forViscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2171/D2171M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.This test method has been approved by the sponsor
3、ing committees and accepted by the cooperating societies in accordance withestablished procedures.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determina-tion of viscosity of asphalt binder (bitumen) by vacuumcapillary viscometers at 60C 140F. It is applicable tomaterials having viscosities
4、 in the range from 0.0036 to over20 000 Pa s 0.036 to over 200 000 P.NOTE 1This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures, butthe precision is based on determinations on asphalt binders at 60C140F.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately a
5、s standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningMercury has been designated by the UnitedStates Environmental Prote
6、ction Agency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervoussystem, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury containingproducts. See the applicabl
7、e product Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information.Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be prohibitedby state law.1.4 This standard does not purport to add
8、ress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1 Specificat
9、ion for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian liquida liquid in which the rate of shearis proportional to the shearing stress. The
10、constant ratio of theshearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid.If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.3.1.2 viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stressand rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity. Thiscoefficient is thus a measure of t
11、he resistance to flow of theliquid. It is commonly called the viscosity of the liquid. The SIunit of viscosity is 1 Pas(1Ns/m2) and is called aPascal-second. The cgs unit of viscosity is 1 g/cms (1dynes/cm2) and is called a poise (P). 1 Pasisequivalent to10 P.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is
12、 measured for a fixed volume of the liquid tobe drawn up through a capillary tube by means of vacuum,under closely controlled conditions of vacuum and tempera-ture. The viscosity in Pascal-seconds is calculated by multi-plying the flow time in seconds by the viscometer calibrationfactor.NOTE 2The ra
13、te of shear decreases as the liquid moves up the tube,or it can also be varied by the use of different vacuum or different sizeviscometers. Thus, this method is suitable for the measurement ofviscosities of Newtonian (simple) and non-Newtonian (complex) liquids.1This test method is under the jurisdi
14、ction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 onRheological Tests. In the IP this test method is under the jurisdiction of theStandardization Committee.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved i
15、n 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2171 071. DOI:10.1520/D2171-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
16、e onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 The viscosity at 60C 140F characterizes flow behav-ior and may be used for specification requirements for cutbacksand asphalt binders.6.
17、Apparatus6.1 Viscometers, capillary-type, made of borosilicate glass,annealed, suitable for this test are as follows:6.1.1 Cannon-Manning Vacuum Viscometer (CMVV), asdescribed in Appendix X1.6.1.2 Asphalt Institute Vacuum Viscometer (AIVV), as de-scribed in Appendix X2.6.1.3 Modified Koppers Vacuum
18、Viscometer (MKVV), asdescribed in Appendix X3.6.1.4 Calibrated viscometers are available from commercialsuppliers. Details regarding calibration of viscometers aregiven in Appendix X4.NOTE 3The viscosity measured in a CMVV may be from 1 to 5 %lower than either the AIVV or MKVV having the same viscos
19、ity range.This difference, when encountered, may be the result of non-Newtonianflow.36.2 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters (see Table X5.1) of an accuracy after correction of 0.02C0.04F can be used or any other thermometric device of equalaccuracy. ASTM Kinematic Viscosity Thermom
20、eters 47C and47F conforming to Specification E1 are suitable for the mostcommonly used temperature of 60C 140F.6.2.1 The specified thermometers are standardized at“ totalimmersion,” which means immersion to the top of the liquidcolumn with the remainder of the stem and the expansionchamber at the to
21、p of the thermometer exposed to roomtemperature. The practice of completely submerging the ther-mometer is not recommended. When thermometers are com-pletely submerged, corrections for each individual thermom-eter based on calibration under conditions of completesubmergence must be determined and ap
22、plied. If the thermom-eter is completely submerged in the bath during use, thepressure of the gas in the expansion chamber will be higher orlower than during standardization, and may cause high or lowreadings on the thermometer. Thermometric devices for thistest method must be standardized at least
23、every 6 months.6.2.2 It is essential that liquid-in-glass thermometers becalibrated periodically using the technique given in TestMethod E77 (see Appendix X5).6.3 BathA bath suitable for immersion of the viscometerso that the liquid reservoir or the top of the capillary, whicheveris uppermost, is at
24、 least 20 mm below the upper surface of thebath liquid and with provisions for visibility of the viscometerand the thermometer. Firm supports for the viscometer shall beprovided. The efficiency of the stirring and the balance betweenheat losses and heat input must be such that the temperature ofthe
25、bath medium does not vary by more than 60.03C60.05F over the length of the viscometer, or from viscom-eter to viscometer in the various bath positions.6.4 Vacuum SystemA vacuum system capable of main-taining a vacuum to within 60.5 mm of the desired level up toand including 40.0 kPa 300 mm Hg. The e
26、ssential system isshown schematically in Fig. 1. Tubing of 6.35-mm 14-in.inside diameter should be used, and all joints should be airtightso that when the system is closed, no loss of vacuum isindicated by the pressure gauge. A vacuum or aspirator pumpis suitable for the vacuum source. The vacuum me
27、asuringsystem for this test method must be standardized at least oncea year.6.5 TimerA stop watch or other timing device graduatedin divisions of 0.1 s or less and accurate to within 0.05 % whentested over intervals of not less than 15 min. Timing devices forthis test method must be calibrated at le
28、ast every 6 months.6.5.1 Electrical Timing Devices may be used only on elec-trical circuits, the frequencies of which are controlled to anaccuracy of 0.05 % or better.6.5.1.1 Alternating currents, the frequencies of which areintermittently and not continuously controlled, as provided bysome public p
29、ower systems, can cause large errors, particularlyover short timing intervals, when used to actuate electricaltiming devices.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D04-1003.FIG. 1 Suggested Vacuum System for Vacuum Capi
30、llary ViscometersD2171/D2171M 1027. Sample Preparations7.1 Heat the sample with care to prevent local overheatinguntil it has become sufficiently fluid to pour, occasionallystirring the sample to aid heat transfer and to assure uniformity.7.2 Transfer a minimum of 20 mL into a suitable containerand
31、heat to 135 6 5.5C 275 6 10F, stirring occasionally toprevent local overheating and taking care to avoid the entrap-ment of air.NOTE 4If it is suspected that the sample may contain solid material,strain the melted sample into the container through a 300-m No. 50sieve conforming to Specification E11.
32、NOTE 5In the case of very viscous or modified asphalts, it may benecessary to heat in an oven at 163 6 5C 325 6 10F in order for thematerial to become sufficiently fluid to stir and pour.8. Procedure8.1 The specific details of operation vary somewhat for thevarious types of viscometers. See the deta
33、iled descriptions ofviscometers in Appendix X1-Appendix X3 for instructions forusing the type of viscometer selected. In all cases, however,follow the general procedure described in 8.1.1-8.1.9.8.1.1 Maintain the bath at the test temperature within60.03C 0.05F. Apply the necessary corrections, if an
34、y, to allthermometer readings.8.1.2 Select a clean, dry viscometer that will give a flowtime greater than 60 s, and preheat to 135 6 5.5C 275610F.8.1.3 Charge the viscometer by pouring the prepared sampleto within 62 mm of fill line E (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4).8.1.4 Place the charged viscometer i
35、n an oven or bathmaintained at 135 6 5.5C 275 6 10F for a period of 10 62 min, to allow large air bubbles to escape.8.1.5 Remove the viscometer from the oven or bath and,within 5 min, insert the viscometer in a holder, and position theviscometer vertically in the bath so that the upper most timingma
36、rk is at least 20 mm below the surface of the bath liquid.8.1.6 Establish a 40.0 6 0.07 kPa 300 6 0.5 mm Hgvacuum below atmospheric pressure in the vacuum system andconnect the vacuum system to the viscometer with the togglevalve or stopcock closed in the line leading to the viscometer.8.1.7 After t
37、he viscometer has been in the bath for 30 6 5min, start the flow of asphalt in the viscometer by opening thetoggle valve or stopcock in the line leading to the vacuumsystem.8.1.8 Measure to within 0.1 s the time required for theleading edge of the meniscus to pass between successive pairsof timing m
38、arks. Report the first flow time which exceeds 60 sbetween a pair of timing marks, noting the identification of thepair of timing marks.8.1.9 Upon completion of the test, clean the viscometerthoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solventcompletely miscible with the sample, followed by a
39、completelyvolatile solvent. Dry the tube by passing a slow stream offiltered dry air through the capillary for 2 min, or until the lasttrace of solvent is removed. Alternatively, the viscometer maybe cleaned in a glass-cleaning oven, at a temperature not toexceed 500C 932F, followed by rinses with d
40、istilled orAll dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 2 Cannon-Manning Vacuum Capillary ViscometerAll dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Asphalt Institute Vacuum Capillary ViscometerD2171/D2171M 103deionized water, residue-free acetone, and filtered dry air.Periodically, if deposits are observed, clea
41、n the instrument witha strong acid cleaning solution to remove organic deposits,rinse thoroughly with distilled or deionized water and residue-free acetone, and dry with filtered dry air.8.1.9.1 Chromic acid cleaning solution may be prepared byadding, with the usual precautions, 800 mL of concentrat
42、edsulphuric acid to a solution of 92 g of sodium dichromate in458 mL of water. The use of similar commercially availablesulphuric acid cleaning solutions is acceptable. Nonchromium-containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions may besubstituted so as to avoid the disposal problems of chromi
43、um-containing solutions.8.1.9.2 Use of alkaline glass cleaning solutions may resultin a change of viscometer calibration, and is not recommended.9. Calculation9.1 Select the calibration factor that corresponds to the pairof timing marks used for the determination, as prescribed in8.1.8. Calculate an
44、d report the viscosity to three significantfigures using the following equation:Viscosity, Pa s 5 Kt! (1)where:K = selected calibration factor, Pa s/s, andt = flow time, s.NOTE 6If the viscometer constant or calibration factor (Kcgs)isknown in cgs units (Poise/s) calculate the calibration factor (Ks
45、i) in SIunits (pascalseconds/second) as follows:Ksi 5 Pa s/s! 5 Kcgs/10 or P/s!/10 (2)10. Report10.1 Always report the test temperature and vacuum withthe viscosity test result. For example, viscosity at 60C 140Fand 40.0 kPa 300 mm Hg vacuum, in Pa s.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The following criteria
46、 (see Note 1) should be used forjudging the acceptability of results (95 % probability):11.1.1 Repeatability Duplicate results by the same opera-tor using the same viscometer should not be considered suspectunless they differ by more than 7 % of their mean.11.1.2 Reproducibility The results submitte
47、d by each oftwo laboratories should not be considered suspect unless thetwo results differ by more than 10 % of their mean.11.2 BiasThe bias for this test method cannot be deter-mined because no material with an accepted reference value isavailable.12. Keywords12.1 asphalt; capillary; vacuum; viscom
48、eter; viscosityAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CANNON-MANNING VACUUM CAPILLARY VISCOMETER (CMVV)X1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 The Cannon-Manning vacuum capillary viscometer(CMVV)4,5is available in eleven sizes (Table X1.1) coveringa range from 0.0036 to 8 000 Pa s 0.036 to 80 000 P. Sizes10 through 14 ar
49、e best suited to viscosity measurements ofasphalt cements at 60C 140F.X1.2 ApparatusX1.2.1 Details of the design and construction of Cannon-Manning vacuum capillary viscometers are shown in Fig. 2.4Griffith, J. M. and Puzinauskas, V.P., “Relation of Empirical Tests to Funda-mental Viscosity of Asphalt Cement and the Relative Precision of Data Obtained byVarious Tests Methods,” Symposium on Fundamental Viscosity of BituminousMaterials, ASTM STP 328, Am. Soc. Testing Mat
