1、Designation: D291 071Standard Test Method forCubic Foot Weight of Crushed Bituminous Coal1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTE11.1.1 was editorially corrected in January 2011.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determiningthe cubic foot weight of crushed
3、coal less than 112 in. (37 mm)in size, such as is charged into coke ovens, as follows:1.1.1 Procedure AThe cone procedure for determining anuncompacted weight per cubic foot (cubic metre).1.1.2 Procedure BThe dropped-coal procedure for deter-mining a compacted weight per cubic foot (cubic metre),com
4、parable to actual bulk densities attained in coke ovens.1.2 This test method is not applicable to the testing ofpowdered coal as used in boiler plants, nor to the determinationof weights per cubic foot of coal in storage piles.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.
5、The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard. Mass may be expressed inmetric values.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
6、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D440 Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for CoalD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gro
7、ss Sampleof CoalD3038 Test Method for Drop Shatter Test for CokeD3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal Size3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method concerns the compaction of crushedcoal to determine either its c
8、ompacted or uncompacted weight,for purposes such as charging coke ovens.PROCEDURE ACONE PROCEDURE FORUNCOMPACTED CUBIC FOOT (CUBIC METRE)WEIGHT4. Apparatus4.1 Measuring Box, of rigid construction, having insidedimensions of 12.0 by 12.0 by 12.0 in. (305 by 305 by 305mm), and a volume of 1728 6 5 in.
9、3(0.0283 m36 82 cm3). Theexact volume of the box shall be determined by watercalibration.4.2 Cone, conforming to Fig. 1 for filling the box. This coneshall be 2 ft 0 in. (610 mm) high and 1 ft 8 in. (508 mm) ininside diameter at the top, with a circular opening 412 in. (114mm) in diameter at the bot
10、tom. A slide valve consisting of asliding-plate shutter and its supports shall be welded to thebottom of the cone in such a manner that the valve may beopened and closed with ease by removing or inserting theshutter in its supporting slides. The cone shall be supported ina tripod frame having a circ
11、ular opening at the top of about 1ft 6 in. (457 mm) in diameter. This frame shall support the coneso that the top-side of the shutter shall be 1 ft 10 in. (559 mm)from the inside bottom surface of the box. (See Fig. 1.)4.3 Leveling Bar, a steel strip 2 ft 6 in. long by 112 in. wide(762 by 38 mm) and
12、 approximately316 in. (5 mm) thick.4.4 Scales, platform, capable of weighing up to 200 lb (100kg) and sensitive to 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).5. Sampling5.1 Gross SampleFor collecting gross samples of crushedbituminous coal, the procedure described in Sections 7 and 8 ofPractice D2234/D2234M shall apply. Duri
13、ng the period ofcollecting the gross sample, the increments of the sample shallbe stored in a waterproof container with a tightly fitting cover1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on PhysicalCharacte
14、ristics of Coal.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D291 86 (2002).DOI: 10.1520/D0291-07E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servic
15、eastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in order to prevent the loss of moisture. The minimum num
16、berand weights of increments collected shall be in accordancewith Table 2 of Practice D2234/D2234M. The minimum grossweight of the sample shall be 300 lb (136 kg).5.2 Laboratory SampleThe gross sample of coal shall bethoroughly mixed and subdivided, without crushing, into four75-lb (34-kg) portions.
17、 This operation shall be done as quicklyas possible to avoid loss of moisture, and the cubic foot (cubicmetre) weight shall be determined immediately. If this deter-mination cannot be made immediately, the samples shall bekept in waterproof containers with tightly fitting covers untilthe time for ma
18、king the determination.6. Procedure6.1 Before filling the cone hopper, level it in its tripod on asolid floor. Pour the prepared sample into a pile on the floor andcarefully flatten it to about 4 in. (100 mm) in thickness. Avoidpounding of the pile with the back of the shovel. Takesuccessive shovelf
19、uls from uniformly distributed points in thepile, and allow them to slide gently from the shovel into thehopper at different peripheral points. This will prevent segre-gation and packing while the hopper is being filled. Place about75 lb (34 kg) of coal in the hopper.6.2 Center the previously weighe
20、d cubic foot (cubic metre)box under the valve of the cone. Then remove the valve shuttercompletely, allowing all of the coal to flow into the box andoverflow the edges. Loosen wet coal, not flowing freely fromthe hopper, by gently thrusting downward through the coal tothe valve with the leveling bar
21、.6.3 After filling the box, carefully level off the excess coalabove the box edge by means of the leveling bar, and place thebox on the platform scale and weigh it to the nearest 0.1 lb(0.05 kg). Avoid jarring or shifting of the filled box until allexcess coal is leveled off. Record the difference i
22、n weightbetween the filled and empty box to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg)as the uncompacted cubic foot weight.NOTE 1Aside from the character of the coal itself, moisture contentand size distribution of the coal are the two main factors which affect thecubic foot weight. A moisture determination and s
23、ieve analysis of the coalshould be reported along with the cubic foot weight for proper interpre-tation of the cubic foot weight. For directions for making these determi-nations, see the following:MoistureTest Method D3302.Sieve AnalysisMethod D4749.7. Precision and Bias7.1 Repeatability:NOTE 11 in.
24、 = 25.4 mmFIG. 1 Apparatus for Cone ProcedureD291 07127.1.1 Duplicate results by the same operator in a givenlaboratory on consecutive tests determined within a minimuminterval of time shall be considered suspect if they differ bymore than 0.6 lb/ft3(9.6 kg/m3).7.1.2 When two results are obtained th
25、at differ by more thanthis value, two additional tests shall be made. If the second pairof results differs by less than the repeatability, the first pairshall be discarded and the mean of the second pair shall bereported as the result of the test.7.1.3 When both pairs of results exceed the repeatabi
26、lity, themean of the four results shall be reported, provided that the twomost divergent results differ by less than 0.8 lb/ft3(1.3 kg/m3).Otherwise, all results shall be discarded and the apparatus,procedure, and sample shall be examined for noncompliancecauses, which should be corrected before red
27、etermining newpairs of values.7.2 ReproducibilityThe reproducibility of this test methodis not known. The subcommittee is investigating the reproduc-ibility of this test method.7.3 BiasThis is an empirical method and no statement ofbias is possible.PROCEDURE BDROPPED-COAL PROCEDUREFOR COMPACTED CUBI
28、C FOOT (CUBIC METRE)WEIGHT38. Apparatus8.1 Measuring Box, specially constructed, externally bracedto ensure rigidity, having inside dimensions of 18.0 by 24.0 by8.0 in. (457 by 610 by 203 mm) high, and a volume of 3456 610 in.3(0.0566 m36 164 cm3). The exact volume of the boxshall be determined by w
29、ater calibration.8.2 Dropping Apparatus, consisting of the shatter test ma-chine described and illustrated in Test Method D3038 and TestMethod D440. It shall consist of a box 18 in. in width, 28 in.in length, and approximately 15 in. in depth (0.46 by 0.71 by0.38 m), supported above a rigidly mounte
30、d cast iron or steelplate, not less than12 in. (13 mm) in thickness, 38 in. in width,and 48 in. (0.97 by 1.22 m) in length. The inside of the bottom3Auvi, H. S., Schmidt, L. D., and Graham, H. G., “Control of Bulk Densities inCoke Ovens: Studies on Precision and Application of Various Testing Method
31、s,” U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 3935 (1946).NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm1 lb = 0.4359 kgFIG. 2 Apparatus for Dropped Coal ProcedureD291 0713of the box shall be 6 ft (1.83 m) above the plate. The bottom ofthe box shall consist of two doors hinged lengthwise andlatched so that they will swing open freely and n
32、ot impede thefall of the coal. In order to facilitate filling the box with coal,the box shall be constructed so that it can be lowered to aconvenient level. This is best done by means of the arrange-ment shown in Fig. 2.8.3 Leveling Bar, steel strip 2 ft 6 in. long by 112 in. wideand approximately31
33、6 in. (762 by 38 by 5 mm) thick.8.4 Scales, platform, capable of weighing up to 200 lb (100kg) and sensitive to 0.1 lb (0.05 kg).9. Sampling9.1 Gross SampleFor collecting gross samples of crushedbituminous coal, the procedure described in Sections 7 and 8 ofPractice D2234/D2234M shall apply. During
34、the period ofcollecting the gross sample, the increments of the sample shallbe stored in a waterproof container with a tightly fitting coverin order to prevent the loss of moisture. The minimum numberand weights of increments collected shall be in accordancewith Table 2 of Practice D2234/D2234M. The
35、 minimum grossweight of sample shall be 800 lb (360 kg).9.2 Laboratory SampleThe gross sample of coal shall bethoroughly mixed and subdivided, without crushing, into four200-lb (90 kg) portions. This operation shall be done as quicklyas possible to avoid loss of moisture, and the cubic foot (cubicme
36、tre) weight shall be determined immediately. If this deter-mination cannot be made immediately, the samples shall bekept in waterproof containers with tightly fitting covers untilthe time for making the determination.10. Procedure10.1 Place the previously weighed measuring box on thefloor of the dro
37、pping apparatus and center it directly under thehopper with the long axis of the box parallel to the long axis ofthe hopper. Mark the floor of the dropping apparatus so that themeasuring box will always be positioned exactly the same eachtime.10.2 Pour the prepared coal sample into a pile on the flo
38、orand carefully flatten it to about 4 in. (100 mm) in thickness.Avoid pounding of the pile with the back of the shovel. Takesuccessive shovelfuls from uniformly distributed points in thepile, and carefully place them into the hopper to avoidsegregation. Place each shovelful to one side of the preced
39、ingone until 180 to 200 lb (82 to 90 kg) are contained in thehopper, avoiding any heaping up of the coal at any one point aswell as any compacting of the coal with the shovel.10.3 Raise the hopper containing the coal and allow the coalto drop into the measuring box from the 6-ft (1.83-m) height.Care
40、fully level the excess coal even with the top edge of thebox by means of the leveling bar. Avoid jarring or shifting ofthe filled box until all excess coal is leveled. Fill any voids leftin the corners of the box below the top edge by gently rakingthe excess coal across the corner. Place the box, or
41、 its contents,on the platform scale and weigh it to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05kg). Record the difference in weight between the filled andempty box to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05 kg) as the compactedcubic foot weight (see Note under Section 6).11. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability:11.1.1 Duplicate resu
42、lts by the same operator in a givenlaboratory on consecutive tests determined within a minimuminterval of time shall be considered suspect if they differ bymore than 1.0 lb/ft3(1.60 kg/m3).11.1.2 When two results are obtained that differ by morethan this value, two additional tests shall be made. If
43、 the secondpair of results differs by less than the repeatability, the first pairshall be discarded and the mean of the second pair shall bereported as the result of the test.11.1.3 When both pairs of results exceed the repeatability,the mean of the four results shall be reported, provided that thet
44、wo most divergent results differ by less than 1.3 lb/ft3(2.1kg/m3). Otherwise, all results shall be discarded and theapparatus, procedure, and sample shall be examined for non-compliance causes, which should be corrected before redeter-mining new pairs of values.11.2 ReproducibilityThe reproducibili
45、ty of this testmethod is not known. The subcommittee is investigating thereproducibility of this test method.11.3 BiasThis is an empirical method and no statement ofbias is possible.12. Keywords12.1 crushed coal; cubic foot weightASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pa
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47、n at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com
48、ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyright
49、ed by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D291 0714
