1、Designation: D578/D578M 05 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Specification forGlass Fiber Strands1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D578/D578M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in August 2011.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 This specification covers the requirements for continu-ous fiber and staple fiber glass strands, including single, pliedand multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns.This specification is intended to assist ultimate users bydesignating the general nomenclature for the strand pr
4、oductsthat age generally manufactured in the glass fiber industry.1.2 Glass fibers are produced having various compositions.General applications are identified by means of a letterdesignation. The letter designation represents a family ofglasses that have provided acceptable performance to theend-us
5、er in the intended application. For example, the compo-sition limits stated for E-Glass in this specification representingthe glass fiber family for general and most electrical applica-tions is designated by the letter E. Military specifications, suchas, MIL-R-60346, recognize the composition limits
6、 describedin this specification as meeting the respective requirements forE-Glass strands used in reinforced plastic structure applica-tions.1.3 Glass fiber strands have a variety of general uses underspecific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress,high moisture, high temperature, or e
7、lectrical environments.Property requirements under specific conditions are agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier. Electrical prop-erty requirements vary with specific end-use applications. Forprinted circuit board applications, other requirements may beneeded such as the use of Institute
8、 for Interconnecting andPackaging Electronic Circuits (IPC) Specification EG 4412 Afor finished fabric woven from E-Glass for printed circuitboards, or Specification MIL-P-13949 for printed wiringboards applicable to glass fabric base.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare t
9、o be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This specification is one of a series to provide
10、 asubstitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140 Yarn, Cord,Sleeving, Cloth and Tape-Glass; and MIL-C-9084 Cloth, GlassFinished for Resin Laminates.1.6 AdditionalASTM specifications in this series have beendrafted and appear in current editions of the Annual Book ofASTM Standards. These include
11、finished glass fabrics, unfin-ished glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sleevings, glass cords,glass sewing threads, and finished laminates made from fin-ished glass fabrics.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibilit
12、y of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD1907 Te
13、st Method for Linear Density of Yarn (YarnNumber) by the Skein MethodD2256/D2256M Test Method for Tensile Properties ofYarns by the Single-Strand MethodD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed Da
14、taD2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles31This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.18 on Glass Fiber andits Products.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Ori
15、ginallyapproved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D578 05. DOI:10.1520/D0578-05R11E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
16、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D4963 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Str
17、ands andFabricsD7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Prod-ucts2.2 ASTM Adjunct:TEX-PAC42.3 ANSI Standard:ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 Sampling Procedures for Inspection byAttributes52.4 Military Standards and Specifications:MIL-P-13949 Specification for Plastic Sheet, Laminated,Metal-Clad For Printed
18、Wiring Board6MIL-R-60346 Roving, Glass Fibrous (for Prepreg Tape,Rovings, Filament Winding, and PultrusionApplications)6MIL-G-55636B Glass Cloth, Resin Preimpreginated (B-STAGE) (For Multilayer Printed Wiring Boards)6MIL-Y-1140 Specification for Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth,and Tape-Glass6MIL-C-9084
19、Specification for Cloth Finished for ResinLaminates62.5 Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging CircuitsStandard:IPC EG 4412 A Specification for Finished Fabric Wovenfrom E-Glass for Printed Circuit Boards73. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.18, Glass Fiber andIts Products, see
20、Terminology D7018.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:atmosphere for testing textiles, chopped strand, continuousfilament yarn, roving, staple glass yarn, strand, textured glassyarn.3.2 For allother terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Classification of Gl
21、ass Fiber4.1 “C” GlassA family of glasses composed primarily ofthe oxides of sodium, calcium, boron, aluminum, and siliconwith a certified chemical composition which conforms to anapplicable material specification and which produces good acidresistance (excluding HF).4.2 “E” GlassA family of glasses
22、 composed primarily ofthe oxides of calcium, aluminum, and silicon, which has thefollowing certified chemical compositions.4.2.1 The following certified chemical composition appliesto glass fiber yarn products for printed circuit boards andaerospace.Chemical % by WeightB2O35to10CaO 16 to 25Al2O312 t
23、o 16SiO252 to 56MgO 0to5Na2O and K2O 0 to 2TiO20to0.8Fe2O30.05 to 0.4Fluoride 0 to 1.04.2.2 The following certified chemical composition appliesto glass fiber products used in general applications.Chemical % by WeightB2O30to10CaO 16 to 25Al2O312 to 16SiO252 to 62MgO 0to5Total alkali metal oxides 0 t
24、o 2TiO20to1.5Fe2O30.05 to 0.8Fluoride 0 to 1.04.2.3 Electrical applications include a wide variety of uses.The composition in 4.2.1 is identical to IPC EG 4412 A forprinted circuit boards and to MIL-G-55636B. Additionally,such fiber glass products often are specified for aerospaceapplications. Produ
25、cts covered by the composition range in4.2.2 are used in general applications, such as power companyequipment, high voltage devices, residential electric boxes,third rail covers, high voltage standoff rods, electrical pultru-sion products, light poles, electrical tool covers, and electricaltape. Oth
26、er applications include roofing, flooring, filtration,panel rovings, gun rovings, smc rovings, chopped strandreinforcements, paper yarns, and industrial yarns.4.2.4 The nomenclature “E-CR-Glass” is used for boron-free modified E-Glass compositions for improved resistance tocorrosion by most acids.4.
27、3 “S” GlassA family of glasses composed primarily ofthe oxides of magnesium, aluminum, and silicon with acertified chemical composition which conforms to an appli-cable material specification and which produces high mechani-cal strength.4.4 “R”GlassA family of boron-free glasses composedprimarily of
28、 the oxides of silicon, aluminum, calcium andmagnesium, such glasses possessing excellent acid and waterdurability as well as specific strength and specific moduluslevels significantly greater than E glass.DESCRIPTION OF GLASS STRANDS5. General5.1 The construction of glass strands is described in a
29、seriesof two to four segments of alphabetical or numerical charac-ters.NOTE 1In glass fiber strand designations, and in the conversion ofyards per pound to tex units, the following rules are used:(1) less than 2.50 texround to nearest 0.01 tex(2) 2.50 tex to less than 5.00 texround to nearest 0.05 t
30、ex(3) 5.00 tex to less than 10.0 texround to nearest 0.1 tex(4) 10.0 tex to less than 250 texround to nearest 1.0 tex(5) 250 tex to less than 2000 texround to nearest 5.0 tex(6) 2000 tex to less than 100 000 texround to nearest 100 tex5.1.1 For strands described in inch-pound units, the approxi-mate
31、 yards per pound of the final strand can be computed by4PC programs on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D13 interlaboratory dataare available through ASTM. Request ADJD2904.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6Available from S
32、tandardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.7Available from Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits,7380 N. Lincoln Ave., Lincolnwood, IL 60646.D578/D578M 05 (2011)12multiplying the yarn number designation
33、of the single yarn orstrand by 100 to obtain yards per pound for the single yarn orstrand and then dividing by the total number of single yarns orstrands in the final yarn. Actual yardage is less because oforganic content and twist take-up during plying.NOTE 2Letter designations for filament diamete
34、r averages are shownin Table 1. The yards per pound stated in Table 2 is an approximate yarnnumber. The “As Received” yards per pound will be less than the bareglass values stated. This may be contributed by twist take-up, sizingpercent, or purchaser agreement to produce to a lower yarn number tomee
35、t other requirements for a further manufactured product, or both. Forexample, EC9 66 130 (ECG 75 1/0) stated at approximately 66 tex 7500yd/lb will actually be about 68 tex 7300 yd/lb in the delivered state foruse in the electrical laminate industry.”6. Continuous Filament Yarns6.1 Descriptions of C
36、ontinuous Filament YarnsThe de-scription of continuous filament yarns consists of the followingfour segments:Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4Glass family Yarn number Construction Twist levelFiber form Twist directionFiber diameter6.1.1 Segment OneThe parts of Segment one are respec-tively the
37、 symbol for the glass family as directed in Section 4;the symbol for fiber form, “C” for Continuous, and a symbolfor average filament diameter range as directed in Table 1.6.1.2 Segment TwoThe second segment of the descriptionof continuous filament yarns specifies the yarn number of thesingle yarn.
38、For yarns described in SI units, the yarn number isspecified in tex. For yarns described in inch-pound units, theyarn number is specified in hundreds of yards per pound, thatis yards per pound divided by 100.6.1.2.1 Some manufacturing processes are designed specifi-cally to produce yarns consisting
39、of hollow filaments. For theseyarns, the suffix HF is attached to the second segment of theyarn description. For example, 40 HF (125HF) represents a 40tex 125 3 100 yd/lb single yarn consisting of hollow fila-ments.6.1.3 Segment ThreeThe third segment of the descriptionof continuous filament yarns s
40、pecifies the number of singleyarns in the complete yarn. For yarn described in SI units, thedescription consists of a count of the single yarns twistedtogether, a lower case multiplication sign or x, and a count ofthe twisted yarns plied together to form the final yarn. Foryarns described in inch-po
41、und units, the description consists ofa count of the singles yarns twisted together, a division sign or“/”, and a count of the twisted yarns plied together to form thefinal yarn.NOTE 3If additional stages of plying are involved, a lower casemultiplication sign for SI units or a diagonal for inch-pou
42、nd units,followed by the count of plied yarns being cabled is added for eachadditional cabling step. The total single yarns in the final yarn will alwaysbe the product of all the counts in this segment. When 0 (zero) appears asa count it is considered as 1 (one) for multiplication purposes.6.1.4 Seg
43、ment FourThe fourth segment of the descriptionof continuous filament yarns specifies the twist level anddirection. For yarns described in SI units, the descriptionconsists of an S or Z to show direction of twist immediatelyfollowed by the twist level in turns per metre (tpm) to thenearest 1 tpm. For
44、 yarns described in inch-pound units, thedescription consists of the twist level in turns per inch (tpi) tothe nearest 0.1 tpi immediately followed by an S or Z to showdirection of twist.NOTE 4Twist in turns per metre (tpm) equals twist in turns per inch(tpi) times 40. The exact factor 39.37 is roun
45、ded to 40 to obtain the twistin turns per metre to the nearest 1 tpm when starting from turns per inchto the nearest 0.1 tpi.6.2 Examples of Descriptions of Continuous FilamentYarns:6.2.1 Example 1a, Singles Yarn Using SI UnitsThe de-scription of a singles continuous filament yarn using SI unitsmigh
46、t be:EC6 33 130 Z40where:E = symbol for glass family used in general and mostelectrical applications,C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,6 = symbol for filament diameter average range 5.50 to6.49 m,33 = nominal yarn number of single yarn, tex,130 = one single yarn twisted without plying or cabli
47、ng,andZ40 = a twist level of 40 tpm in the “Z” direction.The nominal yarn number in tex of the final yarn will beapproximately 33 since there is only one strand in the finalyarn.6.2.2 Example 1b, Singles Yarn Using Inch-Pound UnitsThe description of a singles continuous filament yarn usinginch-pound
48、 units might be:ECDE 150 1/0 1.0Zwhere:E = symbol for glass family used in general and mostelectrical applications,C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,DE = symbol for filament diameter average range0.00023 to 0.000269 in.,150 = nominal yarn number of single yarns in hundredsof yards per pound yd
49、/lb,1/0 = one single yarn twisted without plying or cabling,and1.0Z = a twist level of 1.0 tpi in the “Z” direction.The nominal yarn number in yards per pound of the finalyarn will be approximately 15 000 since there is only onestrand in the final yarn.6.2.3 Example 2a, Plied Yarn Using SI UnitsThe descrip-tion of a plied continuous filament yarn using SI units mightbe:EC9 33 232 S152where:E = symbol for glass family used in general and mostelectrical applications,C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,9 = symbol for filament diameter average rang
