1、Designation: D 613 05Designation: 41/2000An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method det
3、ermines the rating of diesel fuel oilin terms of an arbitrary scale of cetane numbers using astandard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compres-sion ratio, indirect injected diesel engine.1.2 The cetane number scale covers the range from zero (0)to 100 but typical testing is in the range
4、of 30 to 65 cetanenumber.1.3 The values for operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are to be regarded as the standard. The values given inparentheses are the historical inch-pound units for informationonly. In addition, the engine measurements continue to be ininch-pound units because of the
5、 extensive and expensivetooling that has been created for these units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
6、 applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specificwarning statements, see Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD 4057 Practice f
7、or Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Sta
8、tisticsE 542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE 832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), na value thatserves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and whichis derived as: (1) a theoretical or esta
9、blished value, based onscientific principles, or (2) an assigned or certified value, basedon experimental work of some national or international orga-nization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E 456
10、3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,accepted reference value is understood to apply to the cetanenumber of specific reference materials determined empiricallyunder reproducibility conditions by the National ExchangeGroup or another recognized exchange testing organization.3.1.2 ceta
11、ne number, na measure of the ignition perfor-mance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it to referencefuels in a standardized engine test. D 41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,ignition performance is understood to mean the ignition delayof the fuel as determined in a sta
12、ndard test engine undercontrolled conditions of fuel flow rate, injection timing andcompression ratio.3.1.3 compression ratio, nthe ratio of the volume of thecombustion chamber including the precombustion chamberwith the piston at bottom dead center to the comparable volumewith the piston at top dea
13、d center.3.1.4 ignition delay, nthat period of time, expressed indegrees of crank angle rotation, between the start of fuelinjection and the start of combustion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of S
14、ubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 61303b.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
15、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St
16、ates.3.1.5 injection timing (injection advance), nthat time inthe combustion cycle, measured in degrees of crank angle, atwhich fuel injection into the combustion chamber is initiated.3.1.6 repeatability conditions, nconditions where inde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method oniden
17、tical test items in the same laboratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time.E 4563.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this method, a shorttime interval between two ratings on a sample fuel is under-stood to be not less than the time to obtain at least one ratin
18、gon another sample fuel between them but not so long as topermit any significant change in the sample fuel, test equip-ment, or environment.3.1.7 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in different laboratories with differen
19、t operators usingdifferent equipment. E 4563.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cetane meter (ignition delay meter), nthe electronicinstrument which displays injection advance and ignition delayderived from input pulses of multiple transducers (pickups).3.2.2 Check Fuels, nfor qu
20、ality control testing, a dieselfuel oil of selected characteristics having a cetane numberaccepted reference value determined by round-robin testingunder reproducibility conditions.3.2.3 combustion pickup, npressure transducer exposed tocylinder pressure to indicate the start of combustion.3.2.4 han
21、dwheel reading, nan arbitrary numerical value,related to compression ratio, obtained from a micrometer scalethat indicates the position of the variable compression plug inthe precombustion chamber of the engine.3.2.5 injector opening pressure, nthe fuel pressure thatovercomes the resistance of the s
22、pring which normally holdsthe nozzle pintle closed, and thus forces the pintle to lift andrelease an injection spray from the nozzle.3.2.6 injector pickup, ntransducer to detect motion of theinjector pintle, thereby indicating the beginning of injection.3.2.7 primary reference fuels, n n-cetane, hep
23、tamethylnonane (HMN) and volumetrically proportioned mixtures ofthese materials which now define the cetane number scale bythe relationship:Cetane Number 5 % n2cetane 1 0.15 % HMN! (1)3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, thearbitrary cetane number scale was originally defined as the
24、volume percent of n-cetane in a blend with alpha-methylnaphthalene (AMN) where n-cetane had an assignedvalue of 100 andAMN an assigned value of zero (0).Achangefrom alpha-methylnaphthalene to heptamethylnonane as thelow cetane ingredient was made in 1962 to utilize a material ofbetter storage stabil
25、ity and availability. Heptamethylnonanewas determined to have a cetane number accepted referencevalue (CNARV) of 15 based on engine testing by the ASTMDiesel National Exchange Group, using blends of n-cetane andAMN as primary reference fuels.3.2.7.2 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, theD
26、iesel National Exchange Group of Subcommittee D02.013iscomposed of petroleum industry, governmental, and indepen-dent laboratories. It conducts regular monthly exchange sampleanalyses to generate precision data for this engine test standardand determines the CNARVof reference materials used by allla
27、boratories.3.2.8 reference pickups, ntransducer(s) mounted over theflywheel of the engine, triggered by a flywheel indicator, usedto establish a top-dead-center (tdc) reference and a time basefor calibration of the ignition delay meter.3.2.9 secondary reference fuels, nvolumetrically propor-tioned b
28、lends of two selected, numbered, and paired hydrocar-bon mixtures designated T Fuel (high cetane) and U Fuel (lowcetane) that have been rated by the ASTM Diesel NationalExchange Group using primary reference fuels to determine acetane number accepted reference value for each individuallyand for vari
29、ous combinations of the two.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The cetane number of a diesel fuel oil is determined bycomparing its combustion characteristics in a test engine withthose for blends of reference fuels of known cetane numberunder standard operating conditions. This is accomplishedusing the b
30、racketing handwheel procedure which varies thecompression ratio (handwheel reading) for the sample and eachof two bracketing reference fuels to obtain a specific ignitiondelay permitting interpolation of cetane number in terms ofhandwheel reading.5. Significance and Use5.1 The cetane number provides
31、 a measure of the ignitioncharacteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition en-gines.5.2 This test method is used by engine manufacturers,petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as aprimary specification measurement related to matching of fuelsand engines.5.3 Cetane number is dete
32、rmined at constant speed in aprecombustion chamber type compression ignition test engine.The relationship of test engine performance to full scale,variable speed, variable load engines is not completely under-stood.5.4 This test method may be used for unconventional fuelssuch as synthetics, vegetabl
33、e oils, and the like. However, therelationship to the performance of such materials in full scaleengines is not completely understood.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAvoid exposure of sample fuels and refer-ence fuels to sunlight or fluorescent lamp UV emissions tominimize induced chemical reactions tha
34、t can affect cetanenumber ratings.)43Bylaws governing ASTM Subcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteris-tics are available from the subcommittee or from ASTM International.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02150
35、2.D6130526.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorterthan 550 nm for a short period of time may significantly affectcetane number ratings.6.2 Certain gases and fumes present in the area where thecetane test engine is located may have a measurable effect onthe cetane number test result.6.3
36、 This test method is not suitable for rating diesel fuel oilswith fluid properties that interfere with unimpeded gravity flowof fuel to the fuel pump or delivery through the injector nozzle.7. Apparatus7.1 Engine Equipment5,6This test method uses a singlecylinder engine which consists of a standard
37、crankcase withfuel pump assembly, a cylinder with separate head assembly ofthe precombustion type, thermal syphon recirculating jacketcoolant system, multiple fuel tank system with selector valv-ing, injector assembly with specific injector nozzle, electricalcontrols, and a suitable exhaust pipe. Th
38、e engine is beltconnected to a special electric power-absorption motor whichacts as a motor driver to start the engine and as a means toabsorb power at constant speed when combustion is occurring(engine firing). See Fig. 1.7.1.1 See Annex A2 for detail and description of all critical,non-critical an
39、d equivalent engine equipment.7.2 Instrumentation5,6This test method uses an electronicinstrument to measure injection and ignition delay timing aswell as conventional thermometry, gages and general purposemeters.7.2.1 A Cetane Meter, (Ignition Delay Meter) is critical andshall be used for this test
40、 method.7.2.2 See Annex A3 for detail and description of all critical,non-critical and equivalent instrumentation.5The sole source of supply of the engine equipment and instrumentation knownto the committee at this time is Waukesha Engine, Dresser Inc., 1000 West St. PaulAvenue, Waukesha, WI 53188.
41、Waukesha Engine also has CFR engine authorizedsales and service organizations in selected geographical areas.6If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsibl
42、e technical committee1, which you may attend.AFuel TanksBAir Heater HousingCAir Intake SilencerDFuel Flow Rate BuretECombustion PickupFSafety GuardGVariable Compression Plug HandwheelHV.C.P. Locking HandwheelIFlywheel PickupsJOil Filler CapKInjection Pump Safety Shut-Off SolenoidLInjector AssemblyMF
43、uel Injection PumpNFuel Selector-ValveOOil FilterPCrankcase Oil Heater ControlQAir Heater SwitchREngine Start-Stop SwitchSInstrument PanelTIntake Air Temperature ControllerUDual Digital Cetane MeterFIG. 1 Cetane Method Test Engine AssemblyD6130537.3 Reference Fuel Dispensing EquipmentThis testmethod
44、 requires repeated blending of two secondary referencefuel materials in volumetric proportions on an as-needed basis.Measurement shall be performed accurately because ratingerror is proportional to blending error.7.3.1 Volumetric Blending of Reference FuelsVolumetricblending has historically been em
45、ployed to prepare the re-quired blends of reference fuels. For volumetric blending, a setof two burets or accurate volumetric ware shall be used and thedesired batch quantity shall be collected in an appropriatecontainer and thoroughly mixed before being introduced to theengine fuel system.7.3.1.1 C
46、alibrated burets or volumetric ware having a ca-pacity of 400 or 500 mL and a maximum volumetric toleranceof 6 0.2 % shall be used. Calibration shall be verified inaccordance with Practice E 542.7.3.1.2 Calibrated burets shall be outfitted with a dispensingvalve and delivery tip to accurately contro
47、l dispensed volume.The delivery tip shall be of such size and design that shutoff tipdischarge does not exceed 0.5 mL.7.3.1.3 The rate of delivery from the dispensing systemshall not exceed 500 mL per 60 s.7.3.1.4 The set of burets for the reference and standardiza-tion fuels shall be installed in s
48、uch a manner and be suppliedwith fluids such that all components of each batch or blend aredispensed at the same temperature.7.3.1.5 See Appendix X1, Volumetric Reference FuelBlending Apparatus and Procedures, for typical dispensingsystem information.7.3.2 Gravimetric Blending of Reference FuelsUse
49、ofblending systems that allow preparation of the volumetrically-defined blends by gravimetric (mass) measurements based onthe density of the individual components is also permitted,provided the system meets the requirement for maximum 0.2% blending tolerance limits.7.3.2.1 Calculate the mass equivalents of thevolumetrically-defined blend components from the densities ofthe individual components at 15.56C (60F).7.4 Auxiliary Apparatus:7.4.1 Injector Nozzle TesterThe injector nozzle assemblyshall be checked whenever the injector nozzl
