1、Designation: D92 16a American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T48DIN 51 376Standard Test Method forFlash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D92; the number immediately following the designation in
2、dicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies
3、of the U.S. Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis flash point and fire point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates oftemperature increases to control the precision of the test method. Its primary use is for viscousmaterials having flash point of 79 C (175 F) and above. It is
4、 also used to determine fire point, whichis a temperature above the flash point, at which the test specimen will support combustion for aminimum of 5 s. Do not confuse this test method with Test Method D4206, which is a sustainedburning test, open cup type, at a specific temperature of 49 C (120 F).
5、Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by differ
6、enttest methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flashpoint and fire point of petroleum products by a manualCleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland opencup apparatus.NOTE 1The precisions for fire poi
7、nt were not determined in thecurrent interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter that is notcommonly specified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flamma-bility temperature may be desired.1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum productswith flash points above 79 C (175 F) a
8、nd below 400 C(752 F) except fuel oils.NOTE 2This test method may occasionally be specified for thedetermination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of theflash points of fuel oils, use Test Method D93. Test Method D93 shouldalso be used when it is desired to determine the possibl
9、e presence of small,but significant, concentrations of lower flash point substances that mayescape detection by Test Method D92. Test Method D1310 can beemployed if the flash point is known to be below 79 C (175 F).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3.1 ExceptionTh
10、e values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be
11、 taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your s
12、tate or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
13、limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and 11.2.4.1This test method is under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, this
14、test method is under thejurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. This test method was adopted as ajoint ASTM-IP standard in 1965.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D92 16. DOI:10.1520/D0092-16A.*A
15、 Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD140 Practice
16、 for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquidsby Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4206 Test Method for Sustained Burning o
17、f Liquid Mix-tures Using the Small Scale Open-Cup ApparatusE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers2.3 ISO Standards:4Guide 34 General requirements for the competenc
18、e of refer-ence material producersGuide 35 Reference materialsGeneral and statistical prin-ciples for certification3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dynamic, adjin petroleum products, the conditionwhere the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimenare not in temperature equilibrium at th
19、e time that the ignitionsource is applied.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused by the heatingof the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with thevapor temperature lagging behind the test specimen tempera-ture.3.1.2 fire point, nin flash point test methods, the lowesttemperature of the
20、 test specimen, adjusted to account forvariations in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at whichapplication of an ignition source causes the vapors of the testspecimen to ignite and sustain burning for a minimum of 5 sunder specified conditions of test.3.1.3 flash point, nin flash point test metho
21、ds, the lowesttemperature of the test specimen, adjusted to account forvariations in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at whichapplication of an ignition source causes the vapors of the testspecimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Approximately 70 mL of t
22、est specimen is filled into atest cup. The temperature of the test specimen is increasedrapidly at first and then at a slower constant rate as the flashpoint is approached.At specified intervals a test flame is passedacross the cup. The flash point is the lowest liquid temperatureat which applicatio
23、n of the test flame causes the vapors of thetest specimen of the sample to ignite. To determine the firepoint, the test is continued until the application of the test flamecauses the test specimen to ignite and sustain burning for aminimum of 5 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 The flash point is one mea
24、sure of the tendency of the testspecimen to form a flammable mixture with air under con-trolled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number ofproperties that should be considered in assessing the overallflammability hazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulation
25、s todefine flammable and combustible materials. Consult theparticular regulation involved for precise definitions of theseclassifications.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highlyvolatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material. For example, an
26、abnormally low flashpoint on a test specimen of engine oil can indicate gasolinecontamination.5.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditionsand shall not be used
27、 to describe or appraise the fire hazard orfire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fireconditions. However, results of this test method may be used aselements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all ofthe factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire haza
28、rdof a particular end use.5.5 The fire point is one measure of the tendency of the testspecimen to support combustion.6. Apparatus6.1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (manual)This appa-ratus consists of the test cup, heating plate, test flameapplicator, heater, and supports described in detail in the An
29、nexA1. The assembled manual apparatus, heating plate, and cupare illustrated in Figs. 1-3, respectively. Dimensions are listedwith the figures.6.2 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (automated)This ap-paratus is an automated flash point instrument that shallperform the test in accordance with Section 11 P
30、rocedure. Theapparatus shall use the test cup with the dimensions asdescribed in Annex A1 and the application of the test flameshall be as described in Annex A1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
31、f ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York,
32、 NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D92 16a26.3 Temperature Measuring DeviceAthermometer havingthe range as shown below and conforming to the requirementsprescribed in Specification E1 or in the Specifications for IPFIG. 1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatusmillimetres inchesmin max min maxA 6 7 0.236 0.276B 0.5
33、 1.0 0.020 0.039C 6 7 0.236 0.276DDiameter 55 56 2.165 2.205EDiameter 69.5 70.5 2.736 2.776FDiameter 146 159 5.748 6.260FIG. 2 Heating PlateD92 16a3Standard Thermometers, or an electronic temperature measur-ing device, such as a resistance thermometer or thermocouple.The device shall exhibit the sam
34、e temperature response as themercury thermometers.Thermometer NumberTemperature Range ASTM IP6 C to +400 C 11C 28C20 F to 760 F 11F6.4 Test FlameNatural gas (methane) flame and bottledgas (butane, propane) flame have been found acceptable for useas the ignition source. The gas flame device is descri
35、bed indetail in Annex A1.(WarningGas pressure supplied to theapparatus must not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of waterpressure.)7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Cleaning SolventsUse suitable technical grade solventcapable of cleaning out the test specimen from the test cup anddrying the test cup.
36、Some commonly used solvents are tolueneand acetone. (WarningToluene, acetone, and many solventsare flammable. Health hazard. Dispose of solvents and wastematerial in accordance with local regulations.)8. Sampling8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with the instructionsgiven in Practices D140, D4057, D
37、4177 or E300.8.2 At least 70 mL of sample is required for each test. Referto Practice D4057.8.3 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if pre-cautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. Donot open containers unnecessarily; this will prevent loss ofvolatile material and poss
38、ible introduction of moisture. Do notmake a transfer of the sample unless the sample temperature isat least 56 C (100 F) below the expected flash point. Whenpossible, flash point should be the first test performed on asample and the sample should be stored at low temperature.NOTE 3Typical sample sto
39、rage temperature is normal room tempera-ture or lower.8.4 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers sincevolatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclo-sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a sourceof valid results.8.5 Light hydrocarbons may be present in the for
40、m of gases,such as propane or butane, and may not be detected by testingbecause of losses during sampling and filling of the test cup.This is especially evident on heavy residuums or asphalts fromsolvent extraction processes.8.6 Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed untilthey are reasonabl
41、y fluid before they are tested. However, nosample shall be heated more than is absolutely necessary. Itshall never be heated above a temperature of 56 C (100 F)below its expected flash point. When the sample has beenheated above this temperature, allow the sample to cool until itis at least 56 C (10
42、0 F) below the expected flash point beforetransferring.NOTE 4Typically, the sample containers for these types of sampleswill remain closed during the warming process.8.7 Samples containing dissolved or free water can bedehydrated with calcium chloride or by filtering through aqualitative filter pape
43、r or a loose plug of dry absorbent cotton.Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until they arereasonably fluid before they are filtered, but they shall not beheated for prolonged periods or above a temperature of 56 C(100 F) below its expected flash point.FIG. 3 Cleveland Open CupD92 16a4N
44、OTE 5If the sample is suspected of containing volatile contaminants,the treatment described in 8.6 and 8.7 should be omitted.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a levelsteady surface, such as a table.9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room orcompart
45、ment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in anylocation where drafts occur are not to be relied upon.NOTE 6A draft shield is recommended to prevent drafts fromdisturbing the vapors above the test cup. This shield should cover at leastthree sides of the test cup vicinity. Some apparatus may already i
46、nclude abuilt-in draft shield.NOTE 7With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis areobjectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus along with a shieldinto a hood, the draft of which is adjusted so that the vapors may bewithdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup duri
47、ng the final56 C (100 F) rise in temperature prior to the flash point.9.3 Wash the test cup with the cleaning solvent to removeany test specimen or traces of gum or residue remaining froma previous test. If any deposits of carbon are present, theyshould be removed with a material such as a very fine
48、 grade ofsteel wool. Ensure that the test cup is completely clean and drybefore using again. If necessary, flush the test cup with coldwater and dry for a few minutes over an open flame or a hotplate to remove the last traces of solvent and water. Cool thetest cup to at least 56 C (100 F) below the
49、expected flashpoint before using.9.4 Support the temperature measuring device in a verticalposition with the bottom of the device located6.4 mm 6 0.1 mm (14 in. 6150 in.) up from the bottom of theinside of the test cup and located at a point halfway betweenthe center and the side of the test cup on a diameter perpen-dicular to the arc (or line) of the sweep of the test flame and onthe side opposite to the test flame applicator mounting position.It is permissible for electronic temperature measuring devicesto be mounted i
