1、Designation: D 2457 03Standard Test Method forSpecular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2457; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes procedures for the mea
3、sure-ment of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaqueand transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-glossfilms, and
4、1.1.4 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.NOTE 1The 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method ofmeasurement duplicate those in Test Method D 523; those for the 45procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C 346.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety co
5、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1
6、ASTM Standards:2C 346 Test Method for 45 Specular Gloss of CeramicMaterialsD 523 Test Method for Specular GlossE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-suremen
7、t by Tristimulus (Filter) ColorimetryE 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, see Terminology E 284.4. Significance and Use4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as
8、 a measure of theshiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons ofgloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the samemeasurement procedure and same general type of material. Inparticular, gloss values for transparent films should not becompared with those for opaque films, and
9、vice versa. Gloss isa complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completelymeasured by any single number.4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothnessand flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measure-ments of these surface properties.5. Apparatus5.1 Instrumental ComponentsEa
10、ch apparatus (Note 3)shall consist of an incandescent light source furnishing anincident beam, means for locating the surface of the specimen,and a receptor located to receive the required pyramid of raysreflected by the specimen. The receptor shall be a photosensi-tive device responding to visible
11、radiation.NOTE 3The 75-, 60-, and 20-deg procedures require apparatus iden-tical to that specified in Test Method D 523. The 45 procedure requiresapparatus like that specified in Test Method C 346.5.2 Geometric ConditionsThe axis of the incident beamshall be at one of the specified angles from the p
12、erpendicular tothe specimen surface. The axis of the receptor shall be at themirror reflection of the axis of the incident beam. With a flatpiece of polished black glass or other front-surface mirror inspecimen position, an image of the source shall be formed atthe center of the receptor field stop
13、(receptor window). Thelength of the illuminated area of the specimen shall be equal tonot more than one third of the distance from the center of thisarea to the receptor field stop. The angular dimensions andtolerances of the geometry of the source and receptor shall beas indicated in Table 1. The a
14、ngular dimensions of the receptorfield stop are measured from the center of the test surface. The1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Publishe
15、d October 2003. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 2457 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume
16、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.angular dimensions of the source field stop are mostly easilymeasured by the specime
17、n-to-window angular size of themirror image of the source formed in the receptor field stop.(See Fig. 1 for a generalized illustration of the dimensions.)The tolerances are chosen so that errors of no more than onegloss unit at any point on the scale will result from errors in thesource and receptor
18、 aperture.5.3 VignettingThere shall be no vignetting of rays that liewithin the field angles specified in 5.2.5.4 Spectral ConditionsResults should not differ signifi-cantly from those obtained with a source-filter-photocell com-bination that is spectrally corrected to yield CIE luminousefficiency w
19、ith CIE Source C. Since specular reflection is, ingeneral, spectrally nonselective, spectral corrections need beapplied only to highly chromatic, low-gloss specimens uponagreement of users of this test method.5.5 Measurement MechanismThe receptor-measurementmechanism shall give a numerical indicatio
20、n that is propor-tional to the light flux passing the receptor field stop within 61percent of full-scale reading.6. Reference Standards6.1 Primary Working Standards may be highly polished,plane, black glass surfaces. The specular reflectance, in per-cent, (Rs) of such surfaces shall be computed by t
21、he followingequation:Rspercent! 550FFcos i 2 =n22 sin2icos i 1 =n22 sin2iG21Fn2cos i 2 =n22 sin2in2cos i 1 =n22 sin2iG2G(1)where:i = the specular (incidence) angle, andn = the index of refraction of the surface.Multiply the computed Rsat each angle by the scale factorsshown in Table 2.NOTE 4On the 4
22、5 and 60 scales, a perfect mirror measures 1000.6.2 Secondary Working Standards of ceramic tile, glass,porcelain enamel, or other materials having hard, flat, anduniform surfaces may be calibrated from the primary standardon a glossmeter determined to be in strict conformance with therequirements pr
23、escribed in 5.2.7. Preparation and Selection of Test Specimens7.1 This test method does not cover preparation techniques.Whenever a test for gloss requires the preparation of a testspecimen, report the technique of specimen preparation.7.2 Test results have been found to be seriously affected bysurf
24、ace warpage, waviness, or curvature. Ensure that specimensurfaces have good planarity. Perform tests with the directionsof machine marks, or similar texture effects, both parallel andperpendicular to the plane of the axes of the incident andreflected beams, unless otherwise specified. (Note that thi
25、sdoes not avoid the second-surface reflection.)7.3 Surface test areas shall be kept free of soil and abrasion.Gloss is due chiefly to reflection at the surface; therefore,anything that changes the surface physically or chemically islikely to affect gloss.8. Mounting Films for Measurement8.1 Any nonr
26、igid film must be mounted in a device that willhold it flat, but will not stretch the film while it is measured.Three different filmholding devices have each proved satisfac-tory for at least some types of films:8.1.1 Vacuum Plate (see Fig. 2) is required for stiff films.Connect the vacuum plate by
27、rubber tube to a vacuum pump orvacuum line. With thin, soft films it is sometimes necessary touse a valve and pressure gage and to limit the vacuum so as tokeep from collapsing the soft film into the pores of the groundplate.8.1.2 Flat Plate with two-side pressure-sensitive tape (seeFig. 3). Make su
28、re each specimen is pulled smooth, but notstretched before holding it by the two strips of adhesive tape.Replace the tape whenever it loses its adhesiveness.8.1.3 Telescoping Ring or Hoop (see Fig. 4)To mount thespecimen in the telescoping ring, lay the flexible film over thebase (male) section and
29、drop the top over the base. Push downcarefully, taking care to pull the test film taut without stretchingit. Measure the taut area.8.2 Backing for Films That Transmit LightA matt blackbacking or (even better) a black cavity must be placed behindany film that transmits light. Erroneous measurements w
30、illoccur without a suitable trap or backing.9. Procedure9.1 Operate the glossmeter in accordance with the manufac-turers instructions.9.2 Calibrate the instrument at the start and completion ofevery period of glossmeter operation and during the operationat sufficiently frequent intervals to assure t
31、hat the instrumentresponse is practically constant. If at any time an instrumentfails to repeat readings of the standard to within 2 percent ofthe prior setting, the intervening results should be rejected. Tocalibrate, adjust the instrument to read correctly the gloss of ahighly polished standard, a
32、nd then read the gloss of a standardhaving poorer image-forming characteristics. If the instrumentreading for the second standard does not agree within 1 percentTABLE 1 Angular Dimensions and Tolerances of Geometry of Source and Receptor Field StopsSource Field Stop Receptor Field StopGeometry, deg
33、Incidence Angle, degIn Plane of Measurement,degPerpendicular to Plane ofMeasurement, degIn Plane of Measurement, degPerpendicular to Plane ofMeasurement, deg75 75 6 0.1 3.0 max60 60 6 0.1 0.75 6 0.25 3.0 max 4.4 6 0.1 11.7 6 0.220 20 6 0.1 0.75 6 0.25 3.0 max 1.80 6 0.05 3.6 6 0.145 45 6 0.1 1.4 6 0
34、.4 3.0 6 1.0 8.0 6 0.1 10.0 6 0.2D2457032of its assigned value, do not use the instrument withoutreadjustment, preferably by the manufacturer.NOTE 5Correct readings on black-glass and intermediate standards donot guarantee instrument conformity to specification requirements. Inaddition to measuremen
35、ts with gloss standards, dimensional checks forconformity to the geometric requirements of 4.2 should be made.9.3 Reduction of Amplification to Read over 100 GlossFilms on 0 to 100 Gloss ScaleA single smooth surface withrefractive index of 1.567 measures 100 on both the 60 and20-deg scales. Clear pl
36、astic films have two specularly reflect-ing surfaces. Even though they are less than perfectly smoothand less than 1.567 in refractive index, adding the reflectionsfrom the two surfaces frequently leads to gloss values of morethan 100. If these gloss values are off-scale on the glossmeterused, recal
37、ibrate the instrument with the reading of the primarygloss standard set to a smaller value f (such as f = 50) andcorrect the gloss readings by multiplying them by (100/f).9.4 Position each specimen (mounted in a holder in the caseof films) in turn beneath (or on) the glossmeter. For specimenswith ex
38、trusion lines or other direction texture effects, orient theFIG. 1 Diagram of Glossmeter Showing Essential Components and DimensionsTABLE 2 Scale Factors for Gloss Standards, Perfect Mirror and Perfect Matt WhiteAGeometryScale Factors (multiplyRsof black glassstandard by)Value for Black Glass whenn
39、= 1.540Value for Perfect Mirror Value for Perfect Matt White60 10.0 95.8 1000 2.120 20.3 92.3 2030 1.445 10.0 55.9 1000 5.4AThe latter are useful for estimating corrections to gloss readings for reflection from sample backing (see Note 6).FIG. 2 Vacuum Plate Used to Hold Films FlatD2457033marks both
40、 parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the axesof the incident and reflected beams. Measure at least threeportions of the specimen surface in each direction to obtain anindication of uniformity. If no directionality is detected in thespecimen, then the test may be performed only in the parallel
41、or perpendicular orientation.NOTE 6In the case of films, it is often desirable to compare thesereadings with readings taken across the machine direction. Difference inthe readings will relate to the prominence of the machine marks.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Type of specim
42、en, its gloss (mean of three readingsfor each direction or mean of both directions), nominalthickness, whether transparent, and the specimen holder em-ployed if specimen is a film.10.1.2 All individual gloss readings for a specimen shall bereported if any of the gloss readings differ by more than 10
43、 %from the average for that specimen.10.1.3 Where preparation of the test specimen has beennecessary, description or identification of the method of prepa-ration,10.1.4 Identification of the glossmeter by the manufactur-ers name and model designation, and10.1.5 Identification of the working standard
44、 or standards ofgloss used.NOTE 7Diffuse CorrectionIt can be said that the light reflected bya specimen may be divided into one part reflected specularly in thedirection of mirror reflection (associated with gloss) and another partreflected diffusely in all directions (associated with lightness on t
45、hewhite-gray-black scale). According to this picture, a gloss reading alwaysneeds to be diminished to compensate for that amount of the measuredlight attributable to diffuse reflectance. Although it is seldom possible inpractice to analyze reflected light according to this picture and say exactlywha
46、t part is diffuse and what part is specular, it is nevertheless frequentpractice where gloss values of light and dark surfaces are being comparedto “correct” (diminish) specular gloss settings for diffuse reflectance. Ifdiffuse corrections are desired as additional information, measure 45-deg,0-deg
47、luminous directional reflectances of specimens in accordance withTest Methods E 1347 or E 1349. Multiply reflectance values in percentageby the following factors3for diffuse corrections in gloss units:60-deg 0.02120-deg 0.01345-deg 0.05511. Precision and Bias11.1 Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 are bas
48、ed on a round robinconducted in 1987 and 1988 per Practice E 691 involvingseven test samples. The test results in Table 3 were from 13labs; Table 4 from seven labs and Table 5 from five labs. Foreach material, all samples were from a single roll of film or asingle injection molding run. Each lab obt
49、ained two test resultson separate days for each material.11.2 WarningThe following explanations of Irand IR(11.3.1-11.3.3) are only intended to present a meaningful wayof considering the approximate precision of the data in Table 3,Table 4 and Table 5 and should not be rigorously applied toacceptance or rejection of material, as those data are specific tothe round robin and may not be representative of other lots,conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this test methodshould apply the principles outlined in Practice E 691 togenerate data specific
