1、Designation: D 2494 02Standard Test Method forCommercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or ManufacturedStaple Fiber or Tow1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the com-mercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staplef
3、iber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fibertypes except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and sliversof all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast;and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and otherfibers used for special purposes such as flock (No
4、te 1).NOTE 1For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous mate-rials, refer to Practice D 2720.1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use inacceptance testing rather than production control. manufac-tured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial“mass” of product on an on
5、-going basis rather than eachshipment to a customer.1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one ofthree options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried,unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commer-cial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yar
6、n,staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moistureregain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn,staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a commercial allowanceagreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier in thecalculations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address
7、all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 123 Terminology R
8、elating to Textiles2D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles2D 1909 Table of Commercial Moisture Regains for TextileFibers2D 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles2D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing2D 2720 Practice for Calculation of Commercial Weight andYield
9、 of Scoured Wool, Top, and Noil for Various Com-mercial Compositions2D 3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for Testing3D 3888 Terminology Relating to Open-End Spinning3D 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects3D 4849 Terminology Relating to Fibers and Yarns32.2 A
10、ATCC Standard:150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Launderingof Woven Garments43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 commercial allowance (CA), nan arbitrary value,equal to the commercial moisture regain, plus a specifiedallowance for finish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-driedyarn, to comp
11、ute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial orlegal mass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textilematerial (see also commercial moisture regain), or (3) the massof a specific component in the analysis of fiber blends.3.1.2 commercial mass, nbilled mass (weight) as deter-mined by a genera
12、lly accepted method or as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the seller.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe basis for determining the commer-cial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers isgenerally one of the following:(1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber
13、 or yarn after scouring bydefinite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to itscommercial allowance.(2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring bydefinite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to itscommercial mo
14、isture regain.(3) CMRU Basis (commercial moisture regain with un-scoured material)the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods,General.Current edition a
15、pproved Sept. 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originallypublished as D 2494 66 T. Last previous edition D 2494 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.4Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,P.O. Box 12215, Research
16、 Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.yarn plus the mass corresponding to its commercial moistureregain.(4) UN Basis (unadjusted net)the mass of unscouredfiber or yarn with no adjustment for the amo
17、unt of moisture orfinish, or both.3.1.3 commercial moisture regain, (CMR), na formallyadopted, arbitrary value, to be used with the oven-dried mass oftextile fibers, when calculating the commercial mass of ashipment or delivery.3.1.4 For definitions of the textile terms shipment and tareused in this
18、 test method, refer to Terminology D 4849.3.1.5 For the terms laboratory sampling unit, moisturecontent, and oven-dry, refer to Terminology D 123.3.1.6 For other textile terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology D 123, Terminology D 3888, TerminologyD 3990, and Terminology D 4849.4. Summar
19、y of Test Method4.1 Representative specimens from a shipment are dried,weighed, and, in some cases, scoured and weighed again. Fromthe net mass of the shipment and the masses of the specimensbefore and after treatment, commercial mass of the shipment iscalculated using one of the following options:4
20、.1.1 Option ICMRU basis treatment consists of dryingonly. Commercial mass includes finishes and a correction forcommercial moisture regain.4.1.2 Option IICMRS basis treatment consists of scour-ing and drying. Commercial mass excludes scourables butincludes a correction for commercial moisture regain
21、.4.1.3 Option IIICAS basis treatment consists of scouringand drying. Commercial mass includes a correction for com-mercial allowance.4.1.4 Option IVUN basis requires no samples and notreatment. Commercial mass equals the net mass of theshipment without adjustment for scourables or moisture.5. Signif
22、icance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a refereemethod for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarnor manufactured staple fibers.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative test
23、s should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-parative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn fromthe same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparateresults du
24、ring initial testing and randomly assigned in equalnumbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-tories involved should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found and
25、corrected, or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Option I is generally used to calculate the commercialmass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. Whenmaterials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for thefiber lubricant or
26、 other removable processing aids.5.3 Option II is generally used to calculate the commercialmass of as-produced manufactured filament yarns (exceptsome producer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, andtows. This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiberremaining after fiber lubricants
27、and processing aids are re-moved.5.4 Option III is in common use in other countries, particu-larly in Europe.5.5 Option IV is in common use with yarns made of wool orwool blends and some aramids.5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or anothermethod of testing gives the same results, or r
28、esults that have aconstant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, thatmethod may be used for routine testing of known productionbut should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknownmaterial. For the determination of extractable matter, refer toTest Method D 2257.5.6.1 When the finish
29、is not removable by a water scour, asolvent extraction may be substituted on agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier.5.7 Under certain circumstances, samples taken from yarnsand manufactured staple fibers and tows can change moisturecontent rapidly. For this reason, very careful planning and
30、handling of samples are required to prevent major biases incommercial mass results.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Washing Machine,4automatic home-type, of the makeand model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalentwashing machine.6.2 Soft Water (10 ppm or less calcium carbonate hardness)for hot
31、setting of washer controlled for 60 to 65C.6.3 Bags,5made from polyester yarn, of a stable construc-tion, such as a leno weave, which have been previously scouredand which have a known oven-dry mass. Each bag shall belarge enough to permit the test specimen to be sufficientlyporous to permit free ac
32、cess of the scouring solution to thespecimen. The bag should have an adequate closure to preventfiber loss.6.4 Automatic Dryer,4automatic home-type, of the makeand model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent,(optional).6.5 Drying Oven, ventilated and capable of controlling thetemperature i
33、n the range of 105 6 3C. The oven shall besupplied with a current of air sufficient to change the air onceevery 4 min. The specimens shall be protected from directradiation of the heating units. Air supplied to the oven shall beat standard atmospheric conditions for testing textiles. Theoven may be
34、provided with facilities for cutting off the aircurrent and weighing the specimens without removing themfrom the oven.6.6 Scale, with a capacity and sensitivity sufficient to weighbeams, bales, cases, or other shipping units within 0.1 % oftheir gross mass and maintained according to National Instit
35、ute5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Mar Mac Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 278. McBee, SC 29101. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
36、of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.D2494022of Standards and Technology (NIST) criteria.66.7 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.1 % of the mass of thespecimens being tested and maintained according to NISTcriteria.6These requirements apply both to balances built intoovens and
37、 to free-standing devices.6.8 Weighing Cans, with tight-fitting lids of sufficient size tohold the bag and specimen (required only if weighings aremade outside the oven).6.9 Desiccator(s), of sufficient size to hold the weighingcans (required only if weighings are made outside the oven).6.10 Desicca
38、nt, silica gel or equivalent, if desiccators areused.6.11 High Cloud Point Nonionic Detergent,7as agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier.7. Procedure7.1 Shipment MassWeigh, intact, each shipping unit (baleor case) in the shipment to the nearest 0.1 % of its mass.NOTE 2The gross mass and t
39、he tare mass should be obtained onmaterials at equilibrium with the same ambient conditions, which areoften not the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. Also, for thisprocedure, the tare should be determined from actual weighings and notfrom values supplied by the supplier.7.2 Lot SampleTake a
40、lot sample as directed in theapplicable material specifications, or as agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the supplier, or in their absence as directed inPractice D 2258 for yarn or Practice D 3333 for staple fiber.Treat sliver (or top) and tow as staple for lot sampling. Thesame units selected fo
41、r product samples will also be used fortare samples. The lot sample must be representative of theshipment and must be taken at random from the variousshipping units.NOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account variability betwe
42、enshipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, andbetween specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling planwith a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable qualitylevel, and limiting quality level.7.3 Laboratory SamplesTake laboratory samples repre-sent
43、ative of the shipment as directed as follows. Save all loosepackaging materials (wrappings, strappings, and separators)from each lot sample unit for tare weighing. Sample the lot asquickly as possible to reflect accurately the moisture level inthe lot. Place samples in airtight containers for subseq
44、uentweighing.7.3.1 YarnTake at least 20 unit packages from randomplaces within the different shipping units forming the lotsample as directed in Practice D 2258. Use a prearranged planfor random sampling to save time in taking the packages fromthe shipping units. Enclose each unit package in a separ
45、ateairtight container until the specimens are removed.7.3.1.1 Sampling beams of yarn for verification of commer-cial mass presents unique problems which are left to theagreement of the purchaser and the supplier.7.3.2 Staple, Sliver or Top, and TowTake laboratorysamples from each laboratory sampling
46、 unit as directed inPractice D 3333.7.4 External TareCollect, without delay, all packagingmaterials which were part of the lot sample and which wereassociated with the shipping units. Supports for individualpackages will be dealt with in 7.6. Weigh the external tarematerial for each lot sample unit
47、to 0.1 % of its mass. (SeeNote 3).7.5 SpecimensWithout delay, prepare specimens as di-rected in 7.5.1 or 7.5.2. Save all yarn supports which were partof the laboratory sample.7.5.1 YarnTake two 5-g bits of yarn from each of at least20 packages that form the laboratory sample. Immediately puteach bit
48、 into one of two airtight containers and close thecontainer after obtaining each bit. (Each container will containbits from 20 packages.) With the exception of lots shipped onbeams, take the yarn from random locations within the pack-ages. Prepare representative specimens each weighing approxi-matel
49、y 100 g. Do not wind or reel yarn being taken forspecimens. Keep the hands dry and handle the yarn (bothpackages and specimens) as little as possible. Select one of thespecimens for testing; set the other aside for any confirmatorytests which may be required.7.5.1.1 Preparation of specimens from beams is left to theagreement of the purchaser and the supplier.7.5.2 Staple, Sliver, Top, TowTreat each of the laboratorysamples as a specimen. Select one of each pair of specimensfor testing and set the other aside for confirmatory testing, ifrequired.7.6 Internal
