1、Designation: D2534 88 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forCoefficient of Kinetic Friction for Wax Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coef-ficient of kinetic friction for a petroleum wax coating orwax-ba
3、sed hot melt coating when sliding over itself.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regul
4、atory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Or
5、ganization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product(Withdrawn 2010)3D1465 Test Method for Blocking and Picking Points ofPetroleum Wax3. Terminology3
6、.1 Definitions:3.1.1 friction, nthe resistance to sliding exhibited by twosurfaces in contact with each other. Basically there are twofrictional properties exhibited by any surface; static frictionand kinetic friction.3.1.2 kinetic friction, nthe force that resists motion whena surface is moving wit
7、h a uniform velocity; it is, therefore,equal and opposite to the force required to maintain sliding ofthe surface with a uniform velocity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A coated surface under load is pulled at a uniform rateover a second coated surface. The force required to move theload is measured,
8、and the coefficient of kinetic friction iscalculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 The coefficient of friction is related to the slip propertiesof many commercial articles that have been coated withpetroleum wax (for example, butter cartons and wax-impregnated or hot melt coated corrugated board).6. Ap
9、paratus6.1 Sled Assembly, as shown in Fig. 1, weighing 180 g 61 g, and consisting of the following parts:6.1.1 Brass Block, 25 mm (1 in.) wide by 13 mm (12 in.)thick by 75 mm (3 in.) long,6.1.2 Microscope Slide, cemented to one surface, 25 mm(1 in.) by 75 mm (3 in.), and6.1.3 Detachable Handle, usin
10、g 1.5 mm (116 in.) weld rod.6.2 Horizontal Plane Assembly and Pulling Device, consist-ing of a metal or wood sheet covered by a smooth, flat piece ofglass approximately 150 mm by 300 mm (6 in. by 12 in.). Theplane shall be supported by two 250 mm by 300 mm (10 in. by12 in.) diagonal shelf-brackets.
11、A board attached across thebrackets shall be clamped in the jaws of the lower crosshead ofan electronic load cell-type tension tester. Adjust the assemblyso that the glass surface is level. Attach a low-friction pulley atthe edge of the plane with the outer side centered directlybeneath the load cel
12、l of the testing machine and the bottom sidelevel with the sled handle. Connect the sled handle to the loadcell of the tester by a light, flexible metal cable or polyestercord passing around the pulley.6.3 Low-Friction Pulley, consisting of a pulley mounted inhardened steel cone bearings on a metal
13、fork. The pulleyshould be constructed from materials having hardness anddurability equivalent to phenolic-type materials.7. Materials7.1 Scissors or Cutter, suitable for cutting waxed specimento the desired dimensions.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Prod
14、ucts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.10.0A on Physical/Chemical Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2534 88 (2012). DOI:10.1520/D2534-88R17.2For
15、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referen
16、ced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theD
17、evelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.17.2 Adhesive Tapes, single-faced and double-faced, 13 mmto 20 mm (12 in. to34 in.) in width.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 Test specimens may be fl
18、exible, such as wax-coatedpaper, or rigid, such as wax-coated paperboard or corrugated(Note 1). From each test unit obtained in accordance withPractice D585:8.1.1 For wax-coated paper, cut test specimens of two sizes:250 mm by 130 mm (10 in. by 5 in.) and 120 mm by 25 mm(5 in. by 1 in.).8.1.2 For wa
19、x-coated paperboard or corrugated board, cuttest specimens of two sizes: 250 mm by 130 mm (10 in. by5 in.) and 75 mm by 25 mm (3 in. by 1 in.).NOTE 1For evaluation of wax, it is necessary to prepare testspecimens. Test Method D1465 describes the apparatus used for applyingwax to paper, and a method
20、for testing to determine that the correct waxor wax blend has been applied.8.2 The smaller specimen shall be mounted on the sledassembly. If, during the test, this mounted specimen presents asharp leading edge, it may dig or plow into the surface of thesecond specimen. To avoid this, bevel the leadi
21、ng edge (25 mmdirection) of the specimen to match the bevel on the glass slide(see Fig. 1).8.3 Test three pairs of specimens from each sample of waxand use a fresh pair of surfaces for each test.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition the specimens and conduct the test at 23 C 62 C (73 F 6 3.5 F) and 50 % 6 5
22、% relative humidity.10. Procedure10.1 Lay down two strips of double-faced adhesive tapealong the length of the plane so that they are approximately100 mm (4 in.) between centers.10.2 Attach the 250 mm by 130 mm specimen to thedouble-faced tape on the horizontal plane.NOTE 2For wax-coated paper, make
23、 the attachment so that thespecimen is free of wrinkles.10.2.1 For wax-coated paper, tape the ends of the 120 mmby 25 mm (5 in. by 1 in.) specimen to the top of the sled,pulling the specimen tightly across the sliding surface toeliminate wrinkles.10.2.2 For wax-coated paperboard or corrugated board,
24、place a strip of double-faced tape on the bottom face of thesled. Place the 75 mm by 25 mm (3 in. by 1 in.) specimenagainst the tape, square with the sled and with the bevel-cutedge at the handle end. The bevel cut on the leading edgereduces the possibility of the sled specimen plowing into thebase
25、specimen.10.3 Set the sled lightly in position at the rear end of the250 mm by 130 mm (10 in. by 5 in.) specimen and in line withthe pulley. Attach the sled by means of the handle to the cord.This pulling cord passes from the sled handle, underneath andaround the pulley vertically to the load cell.1
26、0.4 Start the lower crosshead horizontal plane assemblymoving downward at a speed of 900 mm min (35 in. min).10.5 Record in grams the average reading during the152 mm (6 in.) of travel after the first 13 mm (0.5 in.).After thesled has traveled 178 mm (7 in.), stop the apparatus. Return thecrosshead
27、to the starting position.FIG. 1 Coefficient of Kinetic Friction Sled AssemblyD2534 88 (2017)211. Calculations11.1 Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction, k,asfollows:k5 A/B (1)where:A = average scale reading for 150 mm (6 in.) of uniformsliding, andB = sled weight, g.12. Report12.1 Report the
28、 average of three separate tests as thecoefficient of kinetic friction (k) to two significant figures.13. Precision and Bias13.1 The precision of this test method as determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:13.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two testresul
29、ts, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values only in one casein twenty:0.06 kin range from 0 to 1! (2)13.1.2 Reproducib
30、ilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty:0.17 kin ran
31、ge from 0 to 1! (3)13.2 The above precision data were obtained in a round-robin involving nine laboratories on four samples.13.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of coefficient of kinetic friction can bedefined only in terms of a test method.14. Keywords14.1 coeffic
32、ient of kinetic friction; kinetic friction; wax;wax coatingsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pa
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35、 hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this stan
36、dard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 88 (2017)3
