1、Designation: D2582 09D2582 16Standard Test Method forPuncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film andThin Sheeting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2582; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method cov
3、ers the determination of the dynamic tear resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting subjected toend-use snagging-type hazards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to addres
4、s all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having no
5、minal thickness not greater than 0.25 m (0.010 in.).NOTE 2There is no equivalent ISO test method.known ISO equivalent to this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD4000 Classification System for Sp
6、ecifying Plastic MaterialsD5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics SpecimensD6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test SpecimensE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of
7、Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 slit teara single tear parallel to the direction of the falling carriage.3.1.2 “V” teara tear that has two individual tear legs (not necessarily of equal length) radiating approximately 645 from thepoint the tear was initiated.3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific t
8、o This Standard:3.1.1 slit teara single tear parallel to the direction of the falling carriage.3.1.2 “V” teara tear that has two individual tear legs (not necessarily of equal length) radiating approximately 645 from thepoint the tear was initiated.4. Significance and Use4.1 The puncture-propagation
9、 of tear test measures the resistance of a material to snagging, or more precisely, to dynamicpuncture and propagation of that puncture resulting in a tear. Failures due to snagging occur in a variety of end uses, includingindustrial bags, liners, and tarpaulins. The units reported in this test meth
10、od are Newtons (tear resistance).1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and MoldedProducts.Current edition approved May 1, 2009April 1, 2016. Published June 2009April 2016. Originally a
11、pproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 asD2582 08.D2582 09. DOI: 10.1520/D2582-09.10.1520/D2582-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
12、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
13、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
14、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Experience has shown that for many materials puncture does not contribute significantly to the force value determined, dueto the sharpness of the propagating probe used. However, comparing the results of prepunctured tes
15、t specimens with normalnonpunctured specimens will give an indication of the extent of any puncture resistance in the reported result.4.3 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some proceduralmodifications that take precedence when adheri
16、ng to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that materialspecification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the current ASTM materials standards.5. Apparatus35.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the instrument consists of:5.1.1 Carriages of different wei
17、ght, each with a pointed probe. Each carriage weight shall have a tolerance of 61 % of theweight desired.5.1.2 A test stand including:5.1.2.1 Carriage release mechanism,5.1.2.2 Scale marked in millimetres,5.1.2.3 Curved specimen holder with a tear slot and five clamps,5.1.2.4 Drop base with a guide
18、channel to accommodate the carriage wheels, and5.1.2.5 Bubble level to level the base.5.2 The standard drop height is 508 mm (20.0 in.); however, it can be varied to suit the desired end-use-rate condition. See 10.3for an alternative method for calculating tear resistance for heights other than 508
19、mm.5.3 The probe is a 3.18-mm (0.125-in.) diameter drill rod having one end a truncated cone, the short base 0.40 mm (0.016 in.)in diameter, with a 30 included angle so that most of the tear is propagated against the body of the rod. See Fig. 2.5.4 Thickness Gauge a dead-weight micrometer as describ
20、ed in Test Method C of Test Method D5947, or an equivalentmeasuring device, reading to 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) or less.3 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Testing Machines, Inc., 2910 Expressway Drive, South, Islandia, NY 11749. If youareanyone is aware
21、 of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee1, which you may attend.Hdrop height, mmLtear length, mmFforce required to produce L, kgfWweight of carria
22、ge, kgFIG. 1 Puncture-Propagation of Tear TesterD2582 1626. Test Specimen6.1 Specimens can beare typically cut in any rectangular shape so long as they are approximately 200 mm (8.0 in.) long in thedirection of tear and can be held by all five clamps. Multiple tears can be made on a single sheet pro
23、vided a minimum separationof 25 mm (1 in.) is maintained between tears.6.2 Two sets of specimens shall be cut from each sample such that the direction of tear, during the test, will be parallel to (1)MD, the machine direction and (2) TD, the transverse direction, respectively, of the material being
24、tested. Enough specimens shallbe cut in each direction to provide for a minimum of five tears.7. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus7.1 Level the base of the tester by centering the spirit level bubble by adjustment of the leveling legs.7.2 Check “sharpness” of probes by visual observation unde
25、r a magnifying glass. If the short base end is not 0.40 mm (0.016in.) in diameter or any burrs, nicks, or distortions are noted, or both, replace the probe.7.3 Check the length of the probes by inserting each carriage in turn in the guide channel and lowering to the alignment markon the curved speci
26、men holder. The point of the probe should be aligned with this mark.7.4 Measure the vertical drop height from the specimen holder mark, located near the tear slot, to the horizontal mark on thecarriage release mechanism. Adjust the selected height to the nearest 2 mm (0.078 in.). The standard drop h
27、eight is 508 6 2 mm.7.5 Check the alignment of the specimen holder receiving slot by lowering a carriage with its probe extending into the slot, upand down the slot length. The probe should be centered, that is, not touching either edge of the slot.8. Conditioning8.1 ConditioningCondition the test s
28、pecimens at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than40 h prior to test in accordance with ProcedureAof Practice D618 unless otherwise specified by agreement or the relevantASTMmaterial specification. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61C (61.8F) and 65
29、% relative humidity.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct the tests at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity the same temperature andhumidity used for conditioning with tolerances in accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618, unless otherwise specified byagreementcontract or the relevant ASTM
30、material specification. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61C (61.8F)and 65 % relative humidity.9. Procedure9.1 Measure and record the thickness of each specimen tested in accordance with Test Methods D5947 or Guide D6988, asappropriate for the specimen thickness.9.2 Secure the speci
31、men in the holder by placing it under the clamps and setting the clamp lever to the down position. Thespecimen should drape against the holder contour. Stiffer materials should be loosely held adjacent to the holder. Each clampshould needs to apply sufficient pressure to prevent any specimen slippag
32、e.9.3 By trial and error, select the carriage that produces a minimum tear length of 40 mm and does not bottom-out against thedrop base. Lower selected carriage until the probe point touches but does not indent the specimen.Adjust the tear length indicatingrod to “0” on the scale located on the guid
33、e channel.9.4 Place the selected carriage in the release mechanism.FIG. 2 Short Base ProbeD2582 1639.5 Cock the release mechanism on the left side and release the carriage by pushing the button on the front of the releasemechanism.9.6 Read the tear length to the nearest 0.5 mm.9.7 Raise the carriage
34、 by pulling the handle on the left side of the guide channel.9.8 After the carriage has stopped its upward movement, relocate it in the release mechanism by pushing the carriage up in theguide channel by hand. (When the handle is released, the carriage-raising mechanism should return to the bottom o
35、f the guidechannel. However, check before releasing the carriage for the next test.)9.9 Re-cock the release mechanism.9.10 Release the clamps and relocate the specimen for the next tear test cycle. Take care not to relocate the specimen so thatthe tears are too close to one another, thereby influenc
36、ing the tear results.9.11 Make a A minimum of five determinations in each direction for each sample.sample is required.10. Calculation10.1 To determine the tear resistance employing a standard drop height of 508 6 2 mm, use Table 1. (See X1.1.5 for anexplanation of normalization.)10.2 To determine t
37、he tear resistance employing a nonstandard drop height or carriage weight, other than those listed above,calculate the tear resistance, F, in Newtons, as follows:F 5W 3H!/L#1W! 9.8065! (1)where:W = weight of carriage, kg,H = height of carriage before release, mm,L = length of tear, mm, and9.8065 = c
38、onversion factor for Newtons.10.3 For inter- and intralaboratory data comparisons, the same drop height and weight carriage must be used.10.4 Calculate the average tear length, L, in both directions (MD and TD) to the nearest 0.1 mm.10.5 Calculate the tear resistance, F, in each direction to the nea
39、rest 0.1 Newton.10.6 Calculate the standard deviation (estimated) for each direction tested as follows:s 5=(X 22nX 2!/n 21! (2)where:s = estimated standard deviation,X = value of single observation,n = number of observations, andX = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.11. Report11.1 Report th
40、e following information:11.1.1 Complete identification of the sample tested,11.1.2 Average tear resistance for the direction tested,11.1.3 Drop height selected, if nonstandard,11.1.4 Carriage used,TABLE 1 Normalized Equations for Each Carriage Weight Usingthe Standard Drop HeightCarriage WeightCarri
41、ageNo. kg 1% lb 1% EquationsNo. 1 0.1134 0.250 F = (564.93 L) + 11.670No. 2 0.2268 0.500 F = (1129.85 L) + 9.179No. 3 0.3402 0.750 F = (1694.78 L) + 6.953No. 4 0.4536 1.00 F = (2259.70 L) + 4.452No. 5 0.6804 1.50 F = (3389.55 L) 0.284No. 6 0.9072 2.00 F = (4519.40 L) 4.727No. 7 1.1340 2.50 F = (5649
42、.24 L) 9.541No. 8 1.3608 3.00 F = (6779.10 L) 14.234D2582 16411.1.5 Number of specimens tested, if greater or less than five,11.1.6 Average thickness, in mils,11.1.7 Type of tears produced, for example, “V” or slit, and11.1.8 Standard deviation for each direction tested, reported to two significant
43、digits.12. Precision and Bias412.1 Table 2 is based on a round robin conducted in 1990 in accordance with Practice E691 involving eight materials tested inboth MD and TD directions by six laboratories. All the samples were prepared at one source. Each test result was the average offive individual de
44、terminations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for each material. WarningThe following explanationsof r and R (12.2 12.2.3 are only intended to present a meaningful way of considering the approximate precision of this testmethod. The data in Table 2 should not be rigorously applied to accep
45、tance or rejection of material, as those data are specific tothe round robin and may not be representative of other lots, conditions, materials, or between specific laboratories. Users of thistest method should need to apply the principles outlined in Practice E691 to generate data specific to their
46、 laboratory and materials,or between specific laboratories. The principles of 12.2 12.2.3 would then be valid for such data.12.2 Concept of r and RIf Sr and SR have been calculated from a large enough body of data, and from test results that werean average from testing five specimens:12.2.1 Repeatab
47、ility Limit, r (Comparing two test results for the same material, obtained by the same operator using the sameequipment on the same day): The two test results should be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “r” value for thatmaterial.r 52.83 Sr12.2.2 Reproducibility Limit, R (Compari
48、ng two test results for the same material, obtained by different operators using differentequipment in different laboratories): The two test results should be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” valuefor that material.R 52.83 SR12.2.3 Any judgment in accordance with 12.2.1 and
49、12.2.2 would have an approximate 95 % (.95) probability of being correct.12.3 BiasThere are no recognized standards by which to estimate bias of this test method.13. Keywords13.1 plastic film; plastic sheeting; puncture propagation; slit tear; snagging; tear resistance; “V” tear4 Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1168.TABLE 2 Precision and BiasAMaterial Thickness AVG Sr SR B rB RCmm milsPE/EVAPE/EVAMDTD0.050.052221.640.50.61.10.74.01.63.01.911.1PPPPMDTD0.10.14449.959.51.11.3
