1、Designation: D 2880 03An American National StandardStandard Specification forGas Turbine Fuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels
3、 for gasturbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for theguidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturersand the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specificationsets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place ofcustody transfer to the user.1.2 Three appendixes a
4、re provided for informational pur-poses only and do not constitute a requirement of this specifi-cation unless mutually agreed upon between the interestedparties.1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbinefuels covered by this specification. Further, it states thesignificance of vario
5、us test methods used in inspecting thefuels.1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contami-nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in theoperation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. Theparticular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels isnoted. Upper limit
6、s of trace metals are recommended for thevarious grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommendedlimits do not constitute a requirement of the specificationunless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limita-tions due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.NOTE 1The gas turbin
7、e operator should consult Practice D 4418 formethods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance onlong-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleumsources as gas turbine.NOTE 2Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance offederal, state, or local reg
8、ulations which may be more restrictive.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For moreinformation on the subject, see Guide D 4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by
9、 Tag Closed Tester2D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products2D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Tester2D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products2D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)2D 396 Specification for Fuel Oil
10、s2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of DynamicViscosity)2D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products2D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum Products2D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils2D 1266 Test Method fo
11、r Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)2D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer Method2D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)2D 1796 Test Method for Wate
12、r and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)2D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byX-Ray Spectrometry2D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in DistillateFuels by Centrifuge2D 3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuelsby Atomic Absorption
13、and Flame Emission Spectroscopy3D 3828 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedTester3D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density Meter3D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byEnergy-dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy3D 4418 Practic
14、e for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuelsfor Gas Turbines3D 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems3D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and
15、 Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 288000.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
16、Vol 05.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Light Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by UltravioletFluorescence4D 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic
17、 Pressure Pulsing Method)4D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)4D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)4D 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel Systems5D 6728 Test Method for Determination of Contaminants i
18、nGas Turbine and Diesel Engine Fuel by Rotating DiscElectrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry52.2 Other Documents:26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color andConcentration640 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives63. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.
19、1 fuel contaminantsfuel components other than hy-drocarbon oils. In the present context the contaminants areforeign materials that make the fuel less suitable or evenunsuitable for the intended use.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe contaminants of primary interestare foreign materials introduced subsequent to t
20、he manufactureof specification quality fuel. Hence they are materials intro-duced in the distribution system (that is, storage tanks, pipe-lines, tank trucks, barges, etc.) or in the users storage andhandling system, or generated within these systems (rustgenerated in steel pipes and tanks by moist
21、fuel, and so forth).Contaminants may be soluble or insoluble in the fuel.3.1.2 fuel entering the combustor(s)the fuel that is actu-ally burned in the gas turbine. Fuel may be sampled at a pointupstream from the point of entry into the combustor(s),provided the sample is representative of the fuel ac
22、tuallyentering the combustor(s).4. General Requirements4.1 The fuels herein specified shall be homogeneous mix-tures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorganic acid, and free ofexcessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likely tomake frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary.4.2 All gra
23、des containing residual components shall remainhomogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravityinto light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limitsfor the grade.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conformto the limiting requirements show
24、n in Table 1. As noted in thesupplementary footnotes to Table 1, the requirements for GradeNos. 1-GT and 2-GT conform in most respects to correspond-ing Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D 396, and toGrade Nos. 1-D and 2-D in Specification D 975. The viscosityrange of Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-G
25、T fuel brackets the GradeNos. 4, 5, and 6 of Specification D 396 and Grade No. 4-D ofSpecification D 975. It is the intent that fuels meeting Speci-fication D 396 and D 975 requirements may also be suppliedunder these specifications provided they meet the requirementslisted in Table 1.5.2 Modificati
26、ons of limiting requirements and the inclusionof fuel additives to meet special operating conditions may beagreed upon between the interested parties.5.3 The properties listed in this specification are those ofgreatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance ofthe turbine. However, trace me
27、tals, even in fractional parts permillion, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Informationon the maximum concentration of critical metallic elements inthe fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided inAppendix X2. Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactory purityas refined, but
28、 suppliers rarely have control over possiblecontamination by trace metals in distribution and storage. Thelimits in Appendix X2, although required as the fuel enters thecombustor(s), do not apply to the fuel as delivered unlessmutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Fuels may,therefore, requ
29、ire on-site clean-up, quality control procedures,special handling, or other arrangements.6. Test Methods6.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-ods except as noted:6.1.1 Flash PointTest Methods D 93, except where othermethod
30、s are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test MethodD 3828 may be used as an alternate with the same limits. ForGrades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D 567may beused as an alternative with the same limits provided the flashpoint is below 93C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at40C. This test
31、method will give slightly lower values. In caseof dispute, Test Method D 93 shall be used as the refereemethod.6.1.2 Pour PointTest Method D 97. For all grades, theautomatic Test Methods D 5949, D 5950, or D 5985 can beused as alternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, TestMethod D 97 shal
32、l be used as the referee method.6.1.3 Water and SedimentTest Method D 2709 is used forGrades 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT. Test Method D 1796 is used forGrades 3-GT and 4-GT.6.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D 524.6.1.5 AshTest Method D 482.6.1.6 DistillationTest Method D 86.6.1.7 ViscosityTest Method D 445.6
33、.1.8 DensityTest Method D 1298 or D 4052.6.1.9 SulfurTest Method D 129, Test Methods D 1552,8D 2622, and D 4294 can also be used for all grades. In4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.6Available from Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printin
34、gOffice, Washington, DC 20402.7Other mutually acceptable methods may be used.8For information on the precision of the ASTM methods of test for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford and G. V. Dyroff (1969). This document is available fr
35、om the PublicationsSection, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.D2880032addition, Test Method D 1266 can be used for Grades No. 0and No. 1, but only with samples having sulfur contents of 0.4mass percent and less (down to 0.01 %). Test Method D 5453can be used for Gr
36、ades 0, 1, and 2 GT oils, but only withsamples having sulfur contents of 0.8 mass % and less (downto 0.001 %). Test Method D 129 is the referee sulfur testmethod for Specification D 2880.7. Keywords7.1 fuel oils; gas turbine; petroleum and petroleum productsTABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Gas Turb
37、ine Fuel Oils at Time and Place of Custody Transfer to UserA,BPropertyASTMTestMethodCGradeDNo. 0-GT No. 1-GTENo. 2-GTENo. 3-GT No. 4-GTFlash pointC (F) minD93F38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) 66 (150)Water and sediment% vol maxD 2709D 17960.05.0.05.0.05.1.0.1.0DistillationTemperature D 86C (F)90 % volume
38、recoveredmin . . 282 . .max . 288 338 . .Kinematic viscosity2 mm/sGD 445AT 40C (104F) minF1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5max 2.4 4.1 . .AT 100C (212F) max . . 50.0 50.0RamsbottomCarbon residueon10 % distillationResidue% mass, maxD 524 0.15 0.15 0.35 . .Ash% mass, max D 482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 .Density at D 129815C
39、kg/m3max . 850 876 . .Pour pointGC (F) maxD 97 . 18 6 . .ATo meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BGas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment may require fuel sulfur limits to prevent
40、cold end corrosion. Environmental limits may also apply to fuel sulfur inselected areas in the United States and in other countries.CThe test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 6.1.DNo. 0-GT includes naphtha, Jet B fuel and other volatile hy
41、drocarbon liquids. No. 1-GT corresponds in general to specification D 396 Grade No. 1 fuel and D 975 Grade1-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 2-GT corresponds in general to Specification D 396 No. 2 fuel and D 975 Grade 2-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 3-GTand No. 4-GT viscosity r
42、ange brackets specification D 396 Grades No. 4, No. 5 (light), No. 5 (heavy), and No. 6, and D 975 Grade No. 4-D diesel fuel in physical properties.EUnder United States regulations, Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT are required by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sufficient amount of dye Solvent Red 164 so i
43、ts presenceis visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalentto 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26.FWhen the flash point is below 38C (100F) or wh
44、en kinematic viscosity is below 1.3 mm2/s at 40C (104F) or when both conditions exist, the turbine manufacturershould be consulted with respect to safe handling and fuel system design.GFor cold weather operation, the pour point should be specified 6C below the ambient temperature at which the turbin
45、e is to be operated except where fuel heatingfacilities are provided. When a pour point less than 18C is specified for Grade No. 2-GT, the minimum viscosity shall be 1.7 mm2/s and the minimum 90 % recoveredtemperature shall be waived.D2880033APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF AS
46、TM SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS TURBINE FUEL OILSX1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 This specification divides the fuel oils encompassedby Specifications D 396 and D 975 into four grades, basedupon their applicability for use in gas turbines. Also there is aNo. 0-GT grade to cover low-flash naphthas. The specificationdoes
47、not include fuels primarily intended for aircraft use. Itplaces limiting values on a number of the properties of the fuelsin each grade. The properties selected for limitation are thosethat are believed to be of the greatest significance in determin-ing performance characteristics of the oils in the
48、 various gasturbine applications.X1.1.2 The physical properties of commercial fuel oils thatare important in gas turbine operation are generally the same asthose specified by Specifications D 396 and D 975. In addition,gas turbine operating experience has shown that certain chemi-cal properties of t
49、he fuel oil ash must be controlled sinceslag-forming substances present in the oil ash can causecorrosion and deposits on those turbine parts that must operateat surface temperatures of 593C and above. This specificationincludes the applicable physical properties from SpecificationsD 396 and D 975. Appendix X2 lists restrictions required tocontrol high temperature corrosion and deposits.X1.2 GradesX1.2.1 Grade 0-GT includes naphtha, Jet B, and other lighthydrocarbon liquids that characteristically have low flash pointand low viscosity as compared
