1、Designation: D3161/D3161M 15D3161/D3161M 16Standard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 T
3、his test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable, steep sloperoofing products that results from the products rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leadingedge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking, with
4、 or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of thetabs, or any combination thereof. The products are applied to a test panel in accordance with the manufacturers instructions andtested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.1.2 Thi
5、s method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surfaceof the test specimens. This method does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance.Consequently, this method is not applicable to contin
6、uous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes ormechanically-seamed metal roof panels).1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised toacknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steep slope roofing
7、products and has been used to evaluate the windresistance of those products for many years by several testing and certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that fallunder the scope of this test method, in addition to asphalt shingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles,
8、 concretetiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles.1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm 16 in.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stat
9、ed in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its u
10、se. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing3. Terminology3.1 Defi
11、nitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 sealas it relates to steep slope roofing products, is the bonding that results from the use of sealant.3.2.2 sealantas it relates to steep slope r
12、oofing products, is defined as factory-applied or field-applied material designed tohelp hold down the leading edge of the tabs.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Prod
13、ucts and Assemblies.Current edition approved July 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2016. Published July 2015January 2016. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asD3161/D3161M 14.D3161/D3161M 15. DOI: 10.1520/D3161_D3161M-15.10.1520/D3161_D3161M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visi
14、t theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standar
15、d an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM i
16、s to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 sealedthe condition of the products after they are subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 8.2.3.2.4 steep slope roofing produ
17、ct, na unit having a maximum width of 1321 mm 52 in. and a maximum exposure of 410mm 16 in. designed for use as a roof covering in an air permeable system on a steep slope roof.3.2.5 tab, na discrete section of the exposed portion of a steep slope roofing product.3.2.5.1 DiscussionTypically, the exp
18、osed portion of an asphalt shingle consists of one or more tabs. Many other steep slope roofing products consistof a single tab per unit.4. Classes of Steep Slope Roofing Products4.1 Products are of three classes:4.1.1 Class APass at a test velocity of 97 km/h 60 mph.4.1.2 Class DPass at a test velo
19、city of 145 km/h 90 mph.4.1.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 177 km/h 110 mph.5. Significance and Use5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resistance by this test have also performed well in use.Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and tu
20、rbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of thistest to simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation ismade in this test method for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor.5.2 Many f
21、actors influence the wind resistance of a steep slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature, time, roofslope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misaligned or misplaced, orover- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used
22、 and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all ofthese influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as described in the scope whenrepresentative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturers instructions a
23、nd conditioned as specifiedbefore testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal stream of air through a rectangular opening 914 mm 36 in. wide and 305mm 12 in. high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h 60 mph. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h 110 mph, it is permissib
24、leto add a duct section to the equipment to lower the height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm 6 in. The machine shall beequipped with an adjustable stand to receive a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel at any desired slope, at anyhorizontal distance from the lower edge of the du
25、ct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind direction.6.1.1 CalibrationAs a minimum, at the start of each test day, and at the start of each new desired test velocity, the air velocityshall be calibrated. Obtain calibration measurements using a bare panel as described in 7.1, or the test
26、panel with the candidateproduct to be tested. With the panel positioned as described in 9.1, the velocity shall be measured using calibrated airflowmeasuring devices, such as pitot tubes or airflow anemometers. Velocity measurements shall be taken at a minimum of three evenlyspaced locations across
27、the duct orifice. The average measured velocity shall not vary more than 65 mph from the target testvelocity selected to achieve the desired class of product.6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room, having forced circulation of air cap
28、able of receiving a 1.27-m 50-in.wide by 1.68-m 66-in. long, or larger test panel on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the productmanufacturers installation instructions, and of maintaining a uniform temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F.7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels sha
29、ll be of plywood, tightly matched sheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and not less than1.27 by 1.68 m 50 by 66 in. in size. They are to be of such rigidity that they will not twist or distort with normal handling, orvibrate from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply products w
30、ith multiple tabs to duplicate panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in the normal mannerrecommended by the manufacturer. Use roofing nails, or other fasteners as specified by the manufacturer, positioned in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions, to fasten the product to the
31、test panel. Apply products with single tabs to duplicate panels,parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in such a manner that there is at least one full shingle in each course. Use roofing nails,or other fasteners as specified by the manufacturer, positioned in accordance with the manufacturer
32、s instructions, to fasten theproduct to the test panel. Do not apply sealant to fasten down tabs unless required by the manufacturers installation instructions.Do not apply pressure to the product either during or after application unless required by the manufacturers instructions.D3161/D3161M 1627.
33、3 Apply interlocking-type product to an additional two panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions.7.4 Secure the exposed portion of any partial product tab with face nailing or stapling such that the partial product tabs willremain in place
34、 for entire duration of the test.7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8C 80 6 15F and maintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest sloperecommended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, during application of the product.8. Conditioning of Product Test Panels8.1 Main
35、tain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturersinstallation instructions, and at a temperature of 27 6 8C 80 6 15F until beginning heat conditioning.8.2 For a product with sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, place the t
36、est panels in the conditioning cell orroom on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, andmaintain the air temperature in the conditioning cell or room at a temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F for a continuous periodof 16 h.8.3
37、For a product that does not use sealants, place the test panels in a conditioning cell or a room on a slope of 2:12 (17 %),or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, and maintain at room temperature 27 68C 80 6 15F for a continuous period of at least 16 h
38、.8.4 After completion of the conditioning period, allow the test panels to come to room temperature 2768C 80615F whilebeing maintained at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturers installationinstructions.8.5 Exercise care to avoid pressure on, or damage to
39、, the product by any twisting or distortion of the test panels in handling.9. Test Procedure9.1 Location of the Test PanelInstall the panel on the test carriage and accurately adjust it in relation to the duct so that theexposed edge of the target course will be on the same level as the lower edge o
40、f the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of 1786 1 mm 7 6 116 in. The target course shall be the third course up from the bottom of the panel for products applied withexposure less than 230 mm 9 in., and shall be the second course up from the bottom of the panel for product applied withexposure o
41、f 230 mm 9 in. and greater up to the maximum of 410 mm 16 in. The test slope shall be 2:12 (17 %) or the lowestslope recommended by the manufacturer for the product being tested. The test panel and carriage on which the test panel issupported shall be braced or otherwise prevented from movement duri
42、ng the test.9.1.1 Test a minimum of two panels for each product being tested.9.1.2 Since the design of interlocking-type product makes it difficult to determine the most critical angle of wind direction,conduct the test at a minimum of three different angles using a separate panel for each test (hea
43、d-on, with the bottom of the targetcourse parallel to and 178 mm 7 in. away from the machine orifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60 from the head-onposition, with the bottom corner of the target-course tab nearest the duct being 178 mm 7 in. away from and in the samehorizontal plane as the bo
44、ttom of the machine orifice). Test another panel at the position judged to be most critical on the basisof the first three tests.9.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambient temperature at 24 6 3C 75 6 5F during the tests.9.2.1 When the test panel is set in position, start the fan to produce the targ
45、et test velocity, as established during calibration.The fan shall be operated continuously without adjustment for 2 h, or until such lesser time as a failure occurs.9.2.2 During the test, observations are to be made by an observer or by video, or both, and recorded when any lifting of producttabs ca
46、n be seen or noted. Any observable damage to the product or the disengaging of any interlocking feature, or a product tab,or the detachment of any part of the product from the deck, including any failure of sealant, with its time of occurrence shall berecorded. The full assessment of damage, as requ
47、ired by 10.3, is possible only after the cessation of the test.9.2.3 In the event that observable failure occurs during the test, stop the air flow and record the elapsed time. The observableend point for failure shall be taken at the time of the observed failure or upon review of the video at the c
48、onclusion of the test inwhich any one or more full product tabs lift beyond perpendicular to the deck, or any interlocking feature tears loose or disengagesfrom its interlocked position.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method with different test velocities and different time intervals of
49、stop-and-go frequencies to do researchon the performance of a steep slope roofing product in an unsealed condition. If this is done, the product does not have to be conditioned as specifiedin 8.2 before testing, and it is not prohibited to use different criteria for failure than those presented in 9.2.3. It is also not prohibited to interpret the resultsobtained in research testing of a product that does not use sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs differently
