1、Designation: D3161/D3161M 16D3161/D3161M 16aStandard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1
3、This test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable, steep sloperoofing products that results from the products rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leadingedge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking, wit
4、h or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of thetabs, or any combination thereof. The products are applied to a test panel in accordance with the manufacturers instructions andtested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.1.2 Th
5、is method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surfaceof the test specimens. This method does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance.Consequently, this method is not applicable to conti
6、nuous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes ormechanically-seamed metal roof panels).1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised toacknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steep slope roofing
7、 products and has been used to evaluate the windresistance of those products for many years by several testing and certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that fallunder the scope of this test method, in addition to asphalt shingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles
8、, concretetiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles.1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm 16 in.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values sta
9、ted in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
10、use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing3. Terminology3.1 Def
11、initionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 sealas it relates to steep slope roofing products, is the bonding that results from the use of sealant.3.2.2 sealantas it relates to steep slope roofing prod
12、ucts, is defined as factory-applied or field-applied material designed tohelp hold down the leading edge of the tabs.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Products and As
13、semblies.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016Dec. 15, 2016. Published January 2016December 2016. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20152016as D3161/D3161M 15.D3161/D3161M 16. DOI: 10.1520/D3161_D3161M-16.10.1520/D3161_D3161M-16A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit the
14、ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an
15、indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to
16、be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 sealedthe condition of the products after they are subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 8.2.3.2.4 steep slope roofing product, n
17、a unit having a maximum width of 1321 mm 52 in. and a maximum exposure of 410mm 16 in. designed for use as a roof covering in an air permeable system on a steep slope roof.3.2.5 steep slope, adjin wind-resistance testing of steep roofing products, having a slope equal to, or greater than 2:12 (17 %)
18、.3.2.6 tab, na discrete section of the exposed portion of a steep slope roofing product.3.2.6.1 DiscussionTypically, the exposed portion of an asphalt shingle consists of one or more tabs. Many other steep slope roofing products consistof a single tab per unit.4. Classes of Steep Slope Roofing Produ
19、cts4.1 Products are of three classes:4.1.1 Class APass at a test velocity of 97 km/h 60 mph.4.1.2 Class DPass at a test velocity of 145 km/h 90 mph.4.1.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 177 km/h 110 mph.5. Significance and Use5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resist
20、ance by this test have also performed well in use.Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of thistest to simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accomm
21、odation ismade in this test method for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor.5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steep slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature, time, roofslope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners,
22、both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misaligned or misplaced, orover- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all ofthese influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as desc
23、ribed in the scope whenrepresentative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and conditioned as specifiedbefore testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal stream of air through a rectangular opening 914 mm 36 in. wide and 30
24、5mm 12 in. high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h 60 mph. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h 110 mph, it is permissibleto add a duct section to the equipment to lower the height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm 6 in. The machine shall beequipped with an adjustable stand to receive a test
25、panel and be adapted to setting the test panel at any desired slope, at anyhorizontal distance from the lower edge of the duct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind direction.6.1.1 CalibrationAs a minimum, at the start of each test day, and at the start of each new desired test velocit
26、y, the air velocityshall be calibrated. Obtain calibration measurements using a bare panel as described in 7.1, or the test panel with the candidateproduct to be tested. With the panel positioned as described in 9.1, the velocity shall be measured using calibrated airflowmeasuring devices, such as p
27、itot tubes or airflow anemometers. Velocity measurements shall be taken at a minimum of three evenlyspaced locations across the duct orifice. The average measured velocity shall not vary more than 65 mph from the target testvelocity selected to achieve the desired class of product.6.2 Timer, capable
28、 of reading to the nearest minute.6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room, having forced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m 50-in.wide by 1.68-m 66-in. long, or larger test panel on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the productmanufacturers install
29、ation instructions, and of maintaining a uniform temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F.7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matched sheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and not less than1.27 by 1.68 m 50 by 66 in. in size. They are to be of such rigidity tha
30、t they will not twist or distort with normal handling, orvibrate from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply products with multiple tabs to duplicate panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in the normal mannerrecommended by the manufacturer. Use roofing nails, or other fasteners
31、as specified by the manufacturer, positioned in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions, to fasten the product to the test panel. Apply products with single tabs to duplicate panels,parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in such a manner that there is at least one full shingle in each c
32、ourse. Use roofing nails,or other fasteners as specified by the manufacturer, positioned in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, to fasten theD3161/D3161M 16a2product to the test panel. Do not apply sealant to fasten down tabs unless required by the manufacturers installation instructions
33、.Do not apply pressure to the product either during or after application unless required by the manufacturers instructions.7.3 Apply interlocking-type product to an additional two panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions.7.4 Secure the ex
34、posed portion of any partial product tab with face nailing or stapling such that the partial product tabs willremain in place for entire duration of the test.7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8C 80 6 15F and maintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest sloperecommended in the prod
35、uct manufacturers installation instructions, during application of the product.8. Conditioning of Product Test Panels8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturersinstallation instructions, and at a temperature of 27 6 8C 80 6 15F
36、 until beginning heat conditioning.8.2 For a product with sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, place the test panels in the conditioning cell orroom on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, andmaintain the a
37、ir temperature in the conditioning cell or room at a temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F for a continuous periodof 16 h.8.3 For a product that does not use sealants, place the test panels in a conditioning cell or a room on a slope of 2:12 (17 %),or the lowest slope recommended in the product manuf
38、acturers installation instructions, and maintain at room temperature 27 68C 80 6 15F for a continuous period of at least 16 h.8.4 After completion of the conditioning period, allow the test panels to come to room temperature 2768C 80615F whilebeing maintained at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest
39、 slope recommended in the product manufacturers installationinstructions.8.5 Exercise care to avoid pressure on, or damage to, the product by any twisting or distortion of the test panels in handling.9. Test Procedure9.1 Location of the Test PanelInstall the panel on the test carriage and accurately
40、 adjust it in relation to the duct so that theexposed edge of the target course will be on the same level as the lower edge of the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of 1786 1 mm 7 6 116 in. The target course shall be the third course up from the bottom of the panel for products applied withexpos
41、ure less than 230 mm 9 in., and shall be the second course up from the bottom of the panel for product applied withexposure of 230 mm 9 in. and greater up to the maximum of 410 mm 16 in. The test slope shall be 2:12 (17 %) or the lowestslope recommended by the manufacturer for the product being test
42、ed. The test panel and carriage on which the test panel issupported shall be braced or otherwise prevented from movement during the test.9.1.1 Test a minimum of two panels for each product being tested.9.1.2 Since the design of interlocking-type product makes it difficult to determine the most criti
43、cal angle of wind direction,conduct the test at a minimum of three different angles using a separate panel for each test (head-on, with the bottom of the targetcourse parallel to and 178 mm 7 in. away from the machine orifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60 from the head-onposition, with the b
44、ottom corner of the target-course tab nearest the duct being 178 mm 7 in. away from and in the samehorizontal plane as the bottom of the machine orifice). Test another panel at the position judged to be most critical on the basisof the first three tests.9.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambient te
45、mperature at 24 6 3C 75 6 5F during the tests.9.2.1 When the test panel is set in position, start the fan to produce the target test velocity, as established during calibration.The fan shall be operated continuously without adjustment for 2 h, or until such lesser time as a failure occurs.9.2.2 Duri
46、ng the test, observations are to be made by an observer or by video, or both, and recorded when any lifting of producttabs can be seen or noted. Any observable damage to the product or the disengaging of any interlocking feature, or a product tab,or the detachment of any part of the product from the
47、 deck, including any failure of sealant, with its time of occurrence shall berecorded. The full assessment of damage, as required by 10.3, is possible only after the cessation of the test.9.2.3 In the event that observable failure occurs during the test, stop the air flow and record the elapsed time
48、. The observableend point for failure shall be taken at the time of the observed failure or upon review of the video at the conclusion of the test inwhich any one or more full product tabs lift beyond perpendicular to the deck, or any interlocking feature tears loose or disengagesfrom its interlocke
49、d position.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method with different test velocities and different time intervals of stop-and-go frequencies to do researchon the performance of a steep slope roofing product in an unsealed condition. If this is done, the product does not have to be conditioned as specifiedin 8.2 before testing, and it is not prohibited to use different criteria for failure than those presented in 9.2.3. It is also not prohibited to interpret the resultso
