1、Designation: D3916 08 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Pultruded Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedPlastic Rod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3916; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test metho
3、d describes a procedure for determiningthe tensile properties of pultruded, glass-fiber-reinforced ther-mosetting plastic rod of diameters ranging from 3.2 mm (18 in.)to 25.4 mm (1 in.). Little test specimen preparation is required;however, reusable aluminum tab grip adapters (Fig. 1)ofappropriate s
4、ize are required to prevent premature failure of thespecimens at the grips.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardsstatements are given in Note 3and Note 4.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.2
6、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter Systems3. Significance and Use3.1 T
7、he high axial-tensile strength and the low transverse-compressive strength of pultruded rod combine to present someunique problems in determining the tensile strength of thismaterial with conventional test grips. The high transverse-compressive forces generated in the conventional method ofgripping
8、tend to crush the rod, thereby causing prematurefailure. In this test method, aluminum-alloy tabs contoured tothe shape of the rod reduce the compressive forces imparted tothe rod, thus overcoming the deleterious influence of conven-tional test grips.3.2 Tensile properties are influenced by specimen
9、preparation, strain rate, thermal history, and the environmentalconditions at the time of testing. Consequently, where precisecomparative results are desired, these factors must be carefullycontrolled.3.3 Tensile properties provide useful data for many engi-neering design purposes. However, due to t
10、he high sensitivityof these properties to strain rate, temperature, and otherenvironmental conditions, data obtained by this test methodshould not, by themselves, be considered for applicationsinvolving load-time scales or environmental conditions thatdiffer widely from the test conditions. In cases
11、 where suchdissimilarities are apparent, the sensitivities to strain rate,including impact and creep, as well as to environment, shouldbe determined over a wide range of conditions as dictated bythe anticipated service requirements.4. Apparatus4.1 Water-Cooled Diamond or Tungsten-Carbide Saw, forcut
12、ting rod to size.4.2 Micrometer, reading to at least 0.025 6 0.000 mm(0.001 6 0.000 in.), for measuring the width and thickness ofthe test specimens. The thickness of nonrigid plastics (rein-forced pultruded products are rigid) should be measured with adial micrometer that exerts a pressure of 25 6
13、kPa (3.6 6 0.7psi) on the specimen and measures the thickness to within0.025 mm (0.001 in.). The anvil of the micrometer shall be atleast 30 mm (1.4 in.) in diameter and parallel to the face of thecontact foot.4.3 Universal Testing Machine, verified in accordance withPractices E4, having a capacity
14、of at least 530 kN (120 000lbf) to permit the testing of 25.4 mm (1 in.) diameter rod.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermoset-ting Plastics.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Publ
15、ished April 2016. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3916 - 08. DOI:10.1520/D3916-08R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
16、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Smaller-diameter rod may be tested on lower-capacityequipment, commensurate with the anticipated tensile strengthof such ro
17、d.4.4 ExtensometerA suitable instrument for determiningthe distance between two designated points located within thegage length of the test specimen as the specimen is stretched.It is desirable, but not essential, that this instrument automati-cally record this distance (or any change in it) as a fu
18、nction ofthe load on the test specimen or of the elapsed time from thestart of the test, or both. If only the latter is obtained, load-timedata must also be taken. This instrument shall be essentiallyfree of inertia lag at the specified speed of testing and shall beaccurate to 61 % of strain or bett
19、er.NOTE 2Reference is made to Practice E83.4.5 One Pair of 6061 T6 Aluminum-Alloy Tab GripAdapters, as described in Fig. 1 and Table 1, to fit in splitwedge-type action jaws of the testing machine.4.6 Solvent, such as methylene chloride, for cleaning thegripping surfaces of the aluminum-alloy tab gr
20、ip adapters toremove any mold release, oil, or other foreign material thatmight act as a lubricant. The improper use of solvents canpresent hazardous conditions. Use of proper equipment,ventilation, and training of personnel in proper techniquesshould be practiced to minimize hazards associated with
21、 theuse of any volatile solvent.5. Test Specimens5.1 At least five specimens shall be cut from the rod sampleof interest. Specimen length shall be as great as possible,commensurate with the physical limitations of the testingmachine.NOTE 3Caution: When fabricating composite specimens by machin-ing o
22、perations, a fine dust consisting of particles of fibers or the matrixmaterial, or both, may be formed.These fine dusts can be a health or safetyhazard, or both.Adequate protection should be afforded operating person-nel and equipment. This may require adequate ventilation or dustcollecting faciliti
23、es, or both, at a minimum.6. Conditioning6.1 Standard conditioning shall be in accordance with Pro-cedure A of Practice D618.6.2 Tests at other than standard laboratory atmosphericconditions should be described, including time (hours),temperature, and test environment, such as watersoak, and soforth
24、. Tests should be made as near to these conditions aspossible.7. Number of Test Specimens7.1 At least five specimens shall be tested for each sample.When specimens are preconditioned (for example, water-boiled or oven-aged) prior to test, five specimens per sampleshall be tested for each condition e
25、mployed.NOTE 1Sandblast Clamp Face with 100-mesh Carbide at 100 psi.FIG. 1 General Schematic of Tab Grip AdaptersD3916 08 (2016)28. Procedure8.1 Measure and record the diameter of the rod specimen atseveral points along its length with a micrometer, noting boththe minimum and average values of these
26、 measurements.8.2 Wipe the ends of the specimen and the gripping surfacesof the aluminum tabs with a cloth saturated with a suitablesolvent to remove any foreign material that might act as alubricant.8.3 Assemble the aluminum tabs to the ends of thespecimen, allowing 10 to 20 mm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) of
27、thespecimen to extend beyond the tabs at each end, and mount thisassembly in the grips of the testing machine, taking care toalign the long axis of the specimen with that of the grips of themachine.8.4 If values of the modulus of elasticity are beingdetermined, proceed as follows:8.4.1 Attach the ex
28、tensometer.8.4.2 Start the machine and operate it at a nominal cross-head speed of 5 mm (0.20 in.)/min.8.4.3 Unless an automatic recorder is used, record loads andcorresponding extensions at uniform intervals of extension orload so that not less than ten load-extension readings areobtained prior to
29、the termination of the test.NOTE 4Caution: When testing composite materials, it is possible tostore considerable energy in the test specimen which can be released withconsiderable force on rupture. This can release small high velocityparticles and dust consisting of fractured fibers and matrix mater
30、ials. Theparticles and fine dust can potentially be a health or safety hazard, or both.Adequate protection should be afforded operating personnel, bystanders,and the equipment. This may require shielding or dust collection facilities,or both, at a minimum.8.5 Determine the tensile strength and the e
31、longation (ifrequired) by the following procedure:8.5.1 Start the machine and operate it at a nominal cross-head speed of 5 mm (0.20 in.)/min.8.5.2 Allow the test to continue until the specimen breaks,and record the breaking load and the extension. If elongation isdesired, measure by an extensometer
32、 or strain gauge at themoment of break.TABLE 1 Dimensions of Tab Grip Adapters for Rods of Various DiametersSI UnitsDimensionA(see Fig. 1)Rod Diameter3.2 6.4 12.7 19 22.2 25.4R 1.6+0.103.2+0.106.4+0.109.5+0.1011.1+0.1012.7+0.10D 1.4 3.0 6.1 9.0 10.1 11.4L(min) 50 50 152 152 178 229W(min) 25 25 50 57
33、 64 67T 4 6.4 19 19 19 19E 5.6 5.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.52E 11.1 11.1 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5S 14.3 14.3 31.8 38.1 44.4 47.6Pin diameter 3.2 3.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4Hole diameter 3.6 3.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7Typical maximumload, kN8 to 10 30 to 40 135 to 160 300 to 360 400 to 500 530 to 675Minimumspecimen length305 457 9
34、14 1070 1170 1220Inch-Pound UnitsDimensionB(see Fig. 1)Rod Diameter1814123478 1R 0.062+0.0040.0000.125+0.00040.0000.250+0.00040.0000.375+0.00040.0000.438+0.00040.0000.500+0.00040.000D 0.057 0.120 0.240 0.355 0.415 0.475L(min) 2 2 6 6 7 9W(min) 1 1 2 214 212 258T 0.1551434343434E732732383838382E71671
35、634343434S916916 114 112 134 178Pin diameter181814141414Hole diameter9649641764176417641764Typical maximumload, lbf1800 to 2200 7000 to 8000 30 000 to 35 000 65 000 to 80 000 90 000 to 110 000 120 000 to 150 000Minimumspecimen length12 18 36 42 46 48AAll dimensions in millimetres, except where noted
36、.BAll dimensions in inches, except where noted.D3916 08 (2016)38.5.3 Only failures which initiate in the free length of thespecimen shall be considered valid for the determination oftensile strength.9. Calculation9.1 Tensile StrengthCalculate the tensile strength in MPa(psi) by dividing the breaking
37、 load in newtons (pounds-force)by the original minimum cross-sectional area of the specimenin square millimetres (square inches). Report the result to threesignificant figures.Tensile strength, S 5 4P/D2where:S = tensile strength in MPa (or psi),P = maximum load in N (or lbf), andD = minimum diamete
38、r of rod in mm (or in.).9.2 Modulus of ElasticityCalculate the modulus of elas-ticity by extending the initial linear portion of the load-extension curve and dividing the difference in stress, corre-sponding to a segment of this line, by the correspondingdifference in strain. This calculation shall
39、be performed usingthe average initial cross-sectional area within the gage lengthof the test specimen. Express the result in gigapascals (or psi)and report to three significant figures.Modulus of elasticity, E 5 4mg/D2where:E = modulus of elasticity in GPa (or psi),m = slope of the tangent to the in
40、itial straightline portion ofthe load-extension curve in kN/mm (or lbf/in.) ofextension,g = original gage length in mm (or in.), andD = average diameter of rod in mm (or in.).9.3 Percent ElongationCalculate the percent elongationby dividing the extension at rupture of the specimen by theoriginal gag
41、e length and multiplying by 100. Report thepercentage elongation to two significant figures as percentageelongation at break.elongation% 5 /g!# 100where: = extension at maximum load in mm (or in.), andg = original gage length in mm (or in.).9.4 For each series of tests, calculate the arithmetic mean
42、 ofall values obtained and report it as the “average value” for theparticular property determined.9.5 Wet-Strength RetentionCalculate the wet-strength re-tention (if specimens are tested after water boil or soak) bydividing the average wet strength by the average dry strengthof the specimens for eac
43、h sample. Report the wet-strengthretention as a percent to two significant figures.9.6 Coeffcient of VariationCalculate the coefficient ofvariation (COV) for each set of test values by dividing therespective standard deviations by the corresponding arithmeticmean. Report the result to two significan
44、t figures as “percentCOV” by multiplying by 100. The formula for standarddeviation is in 11.5 of Test Method D638.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing type, source, manufacturers code numbers, form, principaldimensions, pre
45、vious history, etc.,10.1.2 Dimensions of test specimens,10.1.3 Conditioning procedure used,10.1.4 Atmospheric conditions in test room,10.1.5 Number of specimens tested,10.1.6 Speed of testing,10.1.7 Tensile strength: average value and percent coeffi-cient of variation,10.1.8 Modulus of elasticity (i
46、f required): average value andpercent coefficient of variation,10.1.9 Percentage elongation at break (if required): averagevalue and percent coefficient of variation,10.1.10 Wet-strength retention (if applicable), expressed asa percent, and10.1.11 Date of test.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision:11
47、.1.1 Precision Repeatability (Single Laboratory)Testingin a single laboratory of a sample of 1in. diameter pultrudedrod resulted in a within-laboratory coefficient of variation of4.0% for strength and 2.9% for modulus. The within-laboratorycritical interval (cr) between two test results is 11.2% for
48、strength and 8.1% for modulus (2.8 Vr). Two results obtainedwithin one laboratory on the same material shall be judged notequivalent if they differ by more than the critical interval (cr).Attempts to develop a full precision and bias statement for thistest method have not been successful due to the
49、limited numberof machines of the needed capacity to perform this test. For thisreason, data on precision and bias cannot be given. Becausethis test method does not contain a round robin based numeri-cal precision and bias statement, it shall not be used as a refereemethod in case of dispute.Anyone wishing to participate in thedevelopment of precision and bias data should contact theChairman, Subcommittee D20.18 (Section 20.18.02), ASTM,100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.11.2 BiasA state
