1、Designation: D 4149 82 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Classification forSampling Phytoplankton in Surface Waters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4149; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification covers both qualitative and quantita-tive techniques that are used commonly for the collection ofphy
3、toplankton. The particular techniques that are used duringan investigation are dependent upon the study objectives. Ofadditional importance in the selection of a technique is theuneven distribution of organisms both temporally and spa-cially. This classification describes qualitative and quantitativ
4、eways of collecting phytoplankton from inland surface waters.Specifically, qualitative samplers include conical tow nets andpumps; quantitative samplers include the Clarke-Bumpusplankton sampler, Juday plankton trap, water sampling bottles,and depth-integrating samplers.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
5、TM Standards:D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this method refer toTerminology D 1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 phytoplanktonis the community of suspended orfloating, mostly microscopic plants that
6、 drift passively withwater currents. Frequently, phytoplankton are differentiated onthe basis of size. The generally accepted size ranges, ascommonly used are (1):3Macroplankton 500 mMicroplankton (net plankton) 10 to 500 mNannoplankton 10 to 50 mUltraplankton 10 m4. Significance and Use4.1 Because
7、of the direct association of phytoplankton withthe water and the water masses that move in response towind-or-gravity-generated currents, the species compositionand abundance of phytoplankton are related to water quality.Moreover, the phytoplankton directly affect water quality,notably dissolved oxy
8、gen, pH, concentrations of certain sol-utes, and optical properties. At times the abundance or presenceof particular species of algae result in nuisance conditions (2).4.2 Organisms of the phytoplankton communities are col-lected and studied for many reasons, and the techniques usedwill vary with th
9、e study objectives. In the design of a samplingprogram and in the selection of techniques, the investigatormust take into consideration the uniqueness of each study areaand the natural characteristics of phytoplankton communities.4.3 The principal factors to consider when collecting phy-toplankton a
10、re the uneven distribution, composition, and abun-dance of phytoplankton in space and time. Phytoplanktonblooms can occur quickly and can be of short duration.Succession of taxa can occur in a matter of 1 to 2 weeks.Furthermore, phytoplankton abundance and composition canchange abruptly in the horiz
11、ontal plane. There also can beremarkable numerical and qualitative differences betweendepths. The heterogeneous abundance and composition canoccur not only over small areas but also over large areas. Theuneven distribution makes it difficult to collect a representativesample from a given area and ma
12、kes replication of samplesand, especially, an adequate vertical and horizontal samplingprogram essential (3).5. Basis of Classification5.1 Qualitative samplers include the conical tow nets andpumps. Quantitative samplers include the Clarke-Bumpusplankton sampler, Juday plankton trap, water-sampling
13、bottles,and depth-integrating samplers.5.2 Conical Tow NetsMost qualitative samplers are cone-shaped nets constructed of silk bolting cloth or a syntheticmaterial such as nylon. Nets should not be used for quantitativestudies because they do not retain all the phytoplankton taxa;for example, nannopl
14、ankton and ultraplankton generally will1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 onBiological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April
15、2004. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4149 82 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
16、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thisclassification.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.pass through a net. Even so, nets are valuable collecting t
17、oolsand excellent for many types of studies.5.3 PumpsPumping systems of various kinds have beenused to collect qualitative or semiquantitative samples ofphytoplankton. Several papers summarizing these techniqueshave been published in the literature (4, 5, 6). Although avariety of pump apparatus have
18、 been used, the basic designconsists of a pump, generally with a volume register, a base,and a concentrating net, such as a simple tow net sampler orWisconsin net sampler. Water is pumped from a discrete depthand through the net. The sample is removed from the net.5.4 Clarke-Bumpus Plankton SamplerT
19、he sampler uti-lizes a net for the concentration of organisms and, as such, maybe considered to be a semiquantitative sampler. It is quantita-tive in that the actual volume of water entering the sampler ismeasured by a calibrated flow meter.5.5 Juday Plankton TrapLike the Clarke-Bumpus plank-ton sam
20、pler, the Juday plankton trap utilizes a net for theconcentration of organisms. The trap collects a discrete sizedsample from a predetermined depth.5.6 Water-Sampling BottlesThe closing water bottles,which are actuated by a messenger, are perhaps the mostsatisfactory and simple quantitative sampling
21、 device.5.7 Depth-Integrating SamplersDepth-integrating sam-plers are used to obtain a representative, quantitative sample ofphytoplankton in the cross section of a stream. The sampler andsampling procedure compensates for the disparity of phy-toplankton density in the cross section.REFERENCES(1) We
22、tzel, R. G., Limnology, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1975,p. 743.(2) Greeson, P. E., et al., “Methods for Collection and Analysis of AquaticBiological and Microbiological Samples.” U.S. Geological SurveyTechnology of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter A4,1977, p. 332.(3) Nation
23、al Academy of Sciences, “Recommended Procedures for Mea-suring the Productivity of Plankton Standing Stock and RelatedOceanic Properties,” National Academy Sciences, Washington, 1969,p. 59.(4) Aron, W., “The Use of a Large Capacity Portable Pump for PlanktonSampling, with Notes on Plankton Patchines
24、s,” Journal of MarineResearch, Vol 16, 1958, pp. 158174.(5) Gibbons, S. G., and Fraser, J. H., “The Centrifugal Pump and SuctionBase as a Method of Collecting Plankton Samples,” Journal Construc-tion Permanent International Explorer Merchants, Vol 12, 1937, pp.155170.(6) Weber, C. I., ed., “Biologic
25、al Field and Laboratory Methods forMeasuring the Quality of Surface Waters and Effluents,” U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency. EPA-670/4-73-001, 1973.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. U
26、sers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed eve
27、ry five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible techn
28、ical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4149 82 (2004)2
