1、Designation: D 4167 97 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Specification forFiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This spec
3、ification covers centrifugal and axial fans andblowers with airstream components fabricated of fiber-reinforced thermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance.Internal structures may include encapsulated metal fasteningdevices, hubs, and shafts.1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass m
4、ay beused in the fabrication, provided the fans and blowers producedmeet all the requirements of this specification.1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includesfans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users,system designers, speci
5、fiers, and manufacturers of FRP fanswith minimum standards for fan construction and a commonbasis for determining safe operating speeds.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are providedfor information only.NOTE 1There is no simi
6、lar or equivalent ISO standard.NOTE 2Appendix X2 contains a list of documents that may be ofinterest to designers of fan systems.1.6 This standard does not puport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish
7、appropriate safety andhelath practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Ther-mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-ResistantEquipmentD 883 Terminology Relating
8、to PlasticsD 2563 Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in Glass-Reinforced Plastic Laminate Parts2.2 Other Standards:AMCA Bulletin 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fansfor Rating Purposes3ANSI S2.19 Balance Quality of Rotating Rigid Bodies43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms us
9、ed in this speci-fication are the same as those found in Terminology D 883.4. Construction of Fan Housings4.1 Laminate Construction shall conform to SpecificationC 582. The same resin shall be used throughout a housingunless the user and manufacturer agree to use a different resinfor the inner surfa
10、ce and interior layer than for the structurallayer.4.1.1 The inner surface exposed to the chemical environ-ment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.25 to 0.5mm) thick reinforced with a suitable chemical-resistant glass-fiber surface mat or with an organic-fiber surface mat.4.1.2 The in
11、ner surface layer shall be followed with aninterior layer composed of resin reinforced only with noncon-tinuous glass-fiber strands applied in a minimum of two pliesof chopped-strand mat equivalent to a total of 3 oz/ft2(0.92kg/m2).As an alternative, a minimum of two passes of choppedroving of minim
12、um length of 0.5 in. (13 mm) to a maximumlength of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm) shall be applied uniformly to anequivalent weight of 3 oz/ft2(0.92 kg/m2). Each ply of mat orpass of chopped roving shall be well rolled prior to theapplication of additional reinforcement. The combined thick-ness of the inner surf
13、ace and interior layer shall not be less than0.10 in. (2.5 mm).4.1.3 The structural layer comprises the balance of thehousing laminate.NOTE 3Although fan housings are subject to vibrational stresses, thedesign considerations regarding construction of the laminate are similar tothose used for static
14、FRP process system components.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyap
15、proved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4167 97(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
16、ASTM website.3Available fromAir Movement and ControlAssociation, 30 West University Dr.,Arlington Heights, IL 60004.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
17、 standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Fastening Devices, such as bolts, shall be made ofmaterial the user and manufacturer agree is at least ascorrosion-resistant to the specified corrosive environment as isthe
18、 laminate construction, or shall be embedded in a laminatein such a way that the laminate covering the device isreinforced with at least two layers of 112 oz/ft2(4.57 g/m2)chopped-strand glass mat and with the same surface finish usedin the housing laminate.4.3 Gasketing, used where housings are con
19、structed so thatsections or inspection panels are removable, shall be ofelastomeric material sufficiently resilient to seal the sections.The gasketing shall be of material the user and manufactureragree is suitable for the corrosive environment.4.4 Housings, shall have minimum inside corner radii of
20、 0.6in. (15 mm).4.5 Suitable housing construction design shall be deter-mined by running the fan at maximum-rated speed with theinlet blocked tight and with an open outlet. The design will bedeemed acceptable if the test does not cause any part of thehousing to move more than a distance equal to12 o
21、f 1 % of thewheel diameter from the position with the fan not running.4.6 Where the user determines that system design is suchthat liquid may collect in housings, the fan housings shall bespecified with drains.5. Construction of Fan Wheels5.1 Where a history of service acceptable to the manufac-ture
22、r and the user shows that resin systems and joint designsselected for use in the construction of fan wheels are accept-able, destruction tests need not be run. Where acceptablehistory does not exist, destruction tests shall be performed inaccordance with Section 10.5.2 Defects visible in fan wheels
23、shall be limited to thoseshown in Table 1 (taken from Practice D 2563 and modified forspecific use with fan wheels).5.3 Metal hubs, fasteners, and shafts shall be made ofmaterial at least as corrosion-resistant to the specified corrosiveenvironment as is the laminate construction, or be encapsulated
24、with a laminate reinforced with at least two layers of 112oz/ft2(45.7 g/m2) chopped-strand mat with the same surfacefinish that is used in the laminate.5.4 Shafts not made of corrosion-resistant alloy shall beprotected by a sleeve of FRP extending out through the fanhousing a minimum of 0.4 in. (10
25、mm) (see Section 7).5.5 Additives that obscure visual inspection shall be usedonly in the final surface coat(s) for the purpose of enhancingcorrosion resistance or preventing the buildup of static elec-tricity, or both.5.6 Acceptable surface treatments include the following:resin coating without rei
26、nforcement; resin coating with rein-forcement, such as glass flakes, graphite, or surface veil; orresin coating reinforced with other materials agreed upon bythe fabricator and user. Resins that exhibit air inhibition shallbe paraffinated for use in the final coat.6. Spark-Resistant Construction6.1
27、Fans built in accordance with this specification will bespark-resistant, providing the outer surface of the wheel andthe inner surface of the housing are rendered electrostaticallyconductive (Note 4). To be considered acceptably conductive,the surface resistivity between all points of the airstreams
28、urface and ground must be no more than 1 MV when testedwith an insulation resistance tester.5NOTE 4The user must electrically ground all fan parts in order tomaintain spark resistance.7. Shaft-Hole Closures7.1 Gas flow may be into or out of the shaft holes of the fanhousing, depending on pressure di
29、stribution in the system andtype of fan wheel. The shaft-hole closure shall be one of thefollowing types, as specified by the user:NOTE 5The user should determine the importance of restricting gasflow through the shaft holes before selecting the type of closure required.7.1.1 Shaft encapsulated with
30、 an FRP sleeve to at least 0.4in. (10 mm) outside the fan housing, with the shaft hole nolarger than the sleeve diameter plus 0.08 in. (2 mm). (Anacceptable alternative is to mount a membrane onto thehousing to maintain the 0.08-in. maximum space).7.1.2 Lubricated lip seals or stuffing boxes must ri
31、de onsmooth metal shafts or shaft sleeves, necessitating the use ofshafts or shaft sleeves made of material selected to withstandthe corrosive environment.8. Balancing and Test Running8.1 The fan manufacturer shall perform one of the followingmethods of checking balance of wheel/shaft assemblies and
32、complete fans:8.1.1 Dynamically balance the wheel/shaft assembly as aunit in accordance with ANSI S2.19, Grade 6.3. For example:At 1000 rpm the maximum total residual unbalance of bothplanes is not to exceed 0.002 lbin./lb (0.05 gmm/g) of the totalassembly weight.8.1.2 Run the assembled fan and bala
33、nce in such a way thatthe peak-to-peak vibration measured horizontally at the pillowblocks perpendicular to the axis of the shaft will not exceed thefollowing:8.1.2.1 2.5 mils (0.06 mm) up to 600 rpm,8.1.2.2 2.0 mils (0.05 mm) up to 900 rpm,8.1.2.3 1.5 mils (0.04 mm) up to 1200 rpm,8.1.2.4 1.0 mils
34、(0.025 mm) up to 1800 rpm,8.1.2.5 0.6 mils (0.015 mm) up to 3000 rpm, and8.1.2.6 0.5 mils (0.013 mm) above 3000 rpm.8.2 Balance correction shall be accomplished by one ormore of the following methods:8.2.1 Removal of FRP built onto the wheel for this purpose.8.2.2 Addition of FRP so that it becomes
35、homogeneous withthe wheel by proper surface preparation (normally by grindingaway the surface to expose structural fibers) and laminating thenecessary weight on so that it blends into the wheel withoutabrupt changes of contour.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at thi
36、s timeis Amprobe Instrument, Division of Core Industries Inc., 630 Merrick Rd.,Lynbrook, NY 11563 and from Yokogawa Corp. of America, 2 Dart Rd., Shenan-doah Industrial Park, Newnan, GA 30265-1094. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headqu
37、arters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.D 4167 97 (2007)28.2.3 Application of metal weights, where the weights andnecessary fasteners are compatible with the corrosive environ-ment.8.2.4 Application of metal wei
38、ghts and fasteners covered byat least two layers of 112 oz/ft2(45.7 g/m2) chopped-strandglass mat with the same surface finish that is used in thelaminate.8.3 In all cases, FRP exposed as in 8.2.1 or applied as in8.2.2 and 8.2.4, shall be given the same surface treatment aswas used in constructing t
39、he wheel.9. Fan Aerodynamic Rating and Testing9.1 Fans shall be tested and rated in accordance withAMCABulletin 210.10. Safe Operating Speed10.1 The variables of cross sections, reinforcement content,resin characteristics, and bonding strength limit the applicabil-ity of methods such as the use of s
40、train gages, the use of brittlelacquer, and the calculation of wheel stresses. Where a historyof service, acceptable to the manufacturer and user, shows thatresin systems and joint designs selected for use in the construc-tion of fan wheels are acceptable, destruction tests need not berun. Where a h
41、istory of service, acceptable to the manufacturerand user, is not available, representative wheels shall be testedto destruction to determine actual failure speeds (see 5.1).Application of a safety factor defines safe operating speed (see10.1.4).TABLE 1 Allowable Defects in the Construction of FRP F
42、an Wheels (adapted from Practice D 2563)Type of Defect Definition Degree AllowedChip A small piece broken off an edge or surface None permittedCrack An actual separation of the laminate, visible on opposite surfaces, and extending through thethicknessNone permittedCrack, surface Crack existing only
43、on the surface of the laminate None permittedCrazing Fine cracks at or under the surface of a laminate None permittedDelamination, edge Separation of the layers of material at the edge of a laminate None permittedDelamination, internal Separation of the layers of material in a laminate None permitte
44、dDry spot Area of incomplete surface film where the reinforcement has not been wetted with resin 0.4-in. (10-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Foreign inclusion(metallic)Metallic particles included in a laminate that are foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Foreign inclusion(
45、nonmetallic)Nonmetallic particles of substance included in a laminate that seem foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2(12/m2)Fracture Rupture of laminate surface without complete penetration None permittedAir bubble (void) Air entrapment within and between the plies of reinforc
46、ement, usually spherical in shape 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and200/ft2(2000/m2)Blister Rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate, with boundaries that may be more or lesssharply defined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skinNone permittedBurned Showing evidence of thermal deco
47、mposition through some discoloration, distortion, or destruc-tion of the surface of the laminateNone permittedFish-eye Small globular mass that has not blended completely into the surrounding material and isparticularly evident in a transparent or translucent materialNone permittedLack of fillout An
48、 area, occurring usually at the edge of a laminated plastic, where the reinforcement has notbeen wetted with resinNone permittedOrange peel Uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel None permittedPimple Small, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of a laminate None permittedPit (pinhol
49、e) Small crater in the surface of a laminate, with its width approximately of the same order ofmagnitude as its depth0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and 200/ft2(2000/m2)Porosity (pinhole) Presence of numerous visible pits (pinholes) None permittedPre-gel An unintentional extra layer of cured resin on part of the surface of the laminate. (This conditiondoes not cover gel coats.)None permittedResin pocket An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a small localized area within the laminate 0.125 by 0.250-in. (3 by 6mm) and 1/ft2(12/m2)Resin-rich edge Insufficient reinforcing material at
