1、Designation: D4175 18Standard Terminology Relating toPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the comp
3、ilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does notinclude terms/definitions specific only to the standards inwhich they appear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, a
4、nd certain productsfrom biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the sameterms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,and lubricants can be found in other compilations and indictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in whi
5、ch they appear and (2) in this compilation.1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the Wo
6、rld Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdict
7、ion of Subcommit-tee CS 95. Acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols are listedseparately in 2.2, following the defined terms.abrasive wear, nwear due to hard particles or hard protu-berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.B0 D4998; D02.L0 D5182absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10
8、of the ratio of thereciprocal of the transmittance. D02.03 D7740absorbance, (A), nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant energy, expressed by:A 5 log101T! 52log10T! (1)where T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over
9、thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.14 D7996absorbance, A, nthe molecul
10、ar property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 52log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for ref
11、lectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlength, e
12、xpressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUS
13、SIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It is avalue that takes into account the specification limit, the test methodprecision, and the desired probability of product acceptance if thequality is at the specification limit.D02.94 D3244accepted reference value (ARV), nvalue that serves
14、as anagreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology1This
15、terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approve
16、d in 2017 as D4175 17b. DOI:10.1520/D4175-18.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally
17、recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexp
18、erimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.94 D6792DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimenta
19、l work. D02.01 D6890DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, ac
20、cepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Motor octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test metho
21、d, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2699DISCUSSIONIn the context of this te
22、st method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of specific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization. D02.01 D909DISCUSSIONIn the
23、context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to standard fuel or check fuel averageresearch or motor octane numbers determined under reproducibilityconditions by a recognized exchange testing organization having aminimum of 16 participants. D02.01 D2885accommodation cr
24、acks, n(also referred to as Mrozowski-like cracks) cracks and voids formed between basal planesand at domain interfaces throughout the graphite microstruc-ture from thermal contraction of the graphite duringcarbonization/graphitization (sometimes referred to as calci-nation cracks), from chemical de
25、composition of the liquidcrystal hydrocarbon precursor in graphite manufacture (alsoreferred to as calcination cracks) and following cooling aftergraphitization (manufacture). In irradiated graphite, theyalso comprise cracks arising from anisotropic responses toirradiation. D02.F0 D8075accuracy, nth
26、e closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value.D02.94 D7372accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792acid number, nthe quantity of a specified base, expressed inmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram
27、 of sample,required to titrate a sample in a specified solvent to aspecified endpoint using a specified detection system.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D3339DISCUSSIO
28、NIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the
29、 acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D974DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the
30、 quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueou
31、sbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from its
32、initial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-c
33、alled strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D664acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the c
34、riterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093across (or against) grain, ndirection in a body with pre-ferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge
35、, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D6139a
36、ctivation energy (Ea)measure of temperature effects on therate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Activation energy is calculated from theArrhenius equation:OR 5 Zexp2Ea/RT!where:OR = oxidation rate,R = 8.314 J mole-1K-1is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in
37、 Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential factor.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calcu-lated from linearized form of Arrhenius equation, that is, fromthe slope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm ofoxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):log10OR! 5 l
38、og10Z 2 Ea/2.303 RT!Activation energy is expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the same units as the oxi-dation rates, namely g h-1m-2(for Zacalculated from area-normalized oxidation rates, ORa)orgg-1h-1(for ZwD4175 182calculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates,
39、 ORw).D02.F0 D7542active grease-sampling device, ndevice designed to take anactive sample of a lubricating grease from a bearing, gear, ordrive shaft located in a grease-lubricated component.D02.G0 D7718active sampling, vto use a sampling device to activelygather an in-service lubricating grease sam
40、ple from a grease-lubricated component. D02.G0 D7718actuate, vto hold the interior cylinder of the active grease-sampling device while pushing the exterior cylinder forwardtoward the grease-lubricated component that is beingsampled allowing lubricating grease to fill the samplingdevice. D02.G0 D7718
41、acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D6046acute toxicity test, na comp
42、arative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D6081additive, nin aviation gasoline, substance added to a baseav
43、iation gasoline in relatively small amounts that eitherenables that base aviation gasoline to meet the applicablespecification properties or does not alter the applicablespecification properties of that base aviation gasoline beyondallowable limits. D02.J0 D7826additive, nin fuel oils, a substance a
44、dded to fuel oil at a blendlevel not greater than 1 % by volume of the finished fuel.DISCUSSIONAdditives are generally included in finished fuel oil toenhance performance properties (for example, stability, pour point, andso forth)DISCUSSIONAdditives that contain hydrocarbon oil blended withother su
45、bstances may exclude the hydrocarbon oil portion for determi-nation of the volume percent of the finished fuel.DISCUSSIONTriglycerides (for example, vegetable oils, animal fats,greases, and so forth) have been found to cause fouling of fuel oilburning equipment, and triglycerides are therefore not a
46、llowed asadditives or components of additives. D02.E0 D396DISCUSSIONAdditives are generally included in finished fuel oil toenhance performance properties (for example, cetane number, lubricity,cold flow, etc.). D02.E0 D975adenosine monophosphate, nmolecule formed by the re-moval of two (2) molecule
47、s of phosphate (one pyrophos-phate molecule) from ATP. D02.14 D7463adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purineand three phosphate groups, that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells.D02.14 D7463adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetwee
48、n contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the
49、caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D2892adjustment, noperation of bringing the portable digitaldensity meter to a state of performance suitable for its use,by setting or adjusting the instrument cons
