1、Designation: D 4354 99 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Practice forSampling of Geosynthetics for Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers three procedures for the samplingof geosynthetics for testing. This practice requires that instruc-tions on
3、taking laboratory samples and test specimens be partof every test method for geosynthetics.1.1.1 The first procedure describes the sampling of produc-tion units for the purpose of manufacturers quality control(MQC) (Table 1).1.1.2 The second procedure describes the sampling ofproduction units for th
4、e purpose of manufacturers qualityassurance (MQA) testing during the manufacturing process.This requires that backup statistical process control records bemaintained during the manufacturing process (Table 2).1.1.3 The third procedure describes the division of ship-ments of geosynthetics into lots a
5、nd the determination of lotsample size for purchasers specification conformance testing(Table 3).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health
6、practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 4271 Practice for Writing Statements on Sampling in TestMethods for TextilesD 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics3. Terminology3.1 Defin
7、itions:3.1.1 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system.3.1.2 lot, na unit of production, or a group of other unitsor packages, tak
8、en for sampling or statistical examination,having one or more common properties and being readilyseparable from other similar units.3.1.3 quality assurance, nall those planned or systematicactions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a mate-rial, product, system, or service will satisfy giv
9、en needs.3.1.4 quality control, nthe operational techniques and theactivities which sustain a quality of material, product, system,or service that will satisfy given needs; also the use of suchtechniques and activities.3.1.5 sample, n(1) a portion of material which is taken fortesting or for record
10、purposes. (See also sample, lot; sample,laboratory; and specimen.) (2) a group of specimens used, or ofobservations made, which provide information that can be used1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01
11、 on MechanicalProperties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 4354 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
12、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Number of Units to be Selected as Lot SamplePurchasers Specification ConformanceNumber of Units in Lot Number of Units Selected1to2 13to8 29to27 328 to 64 465 to 125 5126 to 216 6217 t
13、o 343 7344 to 512 8513 to 729 9730 to 1000 101001 or more 11TABLE 2 Number of Units to be Selected as Lot SampleManufacturers Quality AssuranceNumber of Units in Lot Number of Units Selected1to200 1201 to 500 2501 to 1000 31001 or more 4TABLE 3 Number of Units to be Selected as Lot SamplePurchasers
14、Specification ConformanceNumber of Units in Lot Number of Units Selected1to200 1201 to 500 2501 to 1000 31001 or more 41Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.for making statistical inferences about the population(s) fromwhic
15、h the specimens are drawn.3.1.6 sample, laboratory, na portion of material taken torepresent the lot sample, or the original material, and used inthe laboratory as a source of test specimens.3.1.7 sample, lot, none or more shipping units taken atrandom to represent an acceptance sampling lot and use
16、d as asource of laboratory samples.3.1.8 sampling unit, nan identifiable, discrete unit orsubunit of material that could be taken as part of a sample.3.1.8.1 DiscussionFig. 1 is included to show the differ-ence between lot sample, laboratory sample and test specimen.3.1.9 sampling unit, primary, nth
17、e sampling unit contain-ing all the sources of variability which should be considered inacceptance testing; the sampling unit taken in first stage ofselection in any procedure for sampling a lot or shipment.3.1.9.1 DiscussionFor textiles, the primary samplingunits are generally taken as the shipping
18、 units making up a lot;such as bales of fiber, cases of yarn, rolls of fabric, or cartonsof garments or other finished products. Adequate sampling foracceptance testing requires taking into account not only thevariability between primary sampling units but also the vari-ability between subunits with
19、in primary sampling units andbetween specimens from a single subunit in a primary sam-pling unit.3.1.10 specimen, na specific portion of a material orlaboratory sample upon which a test is performed or which istaken for that purpose. (Syn. test specimen.)3.1.11 test result, na value obtained by appl
20、ying a giventest method, expressed either as a single observation or aspecified combination of a number of observations.3.1.11.1 DiscussionA test result is the value reported fora single subunit of the laboratory sample. For different testmethods a test result might be (1) the value of a singleobser
21、vation (such as a measurement of a property, a count ofdefects, or a grading or rating) on a single specimen from asingle subunit of the laboratory sample; (2) the average orsome other function of the values for single observations oneach of n specimens from a single subunit of the laboratorysample;
22、 or (3) a ratio of successes to total observations for nspecimens from a single subunit of the laboratory sample.3.1.12 For definitions of other textile terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminology D 123.3.1.13 For definitions of other geosynthetic terms used inthis practice, refer to Terminolog
23、y D 4439.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 production unitas referred to in this practice,isaquantity of geosynthetic agreed upon by the purchaser andseller for the purpose of sampling.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn the absence of an agreed uponquantity, 1000 m2(1200 yd2) is recommended
24、. For example, aproduction run may be 6000 m2. For the purpose of sampling,if 1000 m2criteria is used, this would be 6 production units.3.2.1.2 DiscussionFor the purpose of this practice, thepurchaser is considered to be the project owner, while the selleris the entity supplying the geosynthetic to
25、the project owner.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Instructions are given within this practice for dividingshipments or consignments of geosynthetics into lots and forthe determination of the number of production units in a lotsample.4.2 The number or method for determination of the numberof specimens to b
26、e tested from the laboratory sample iscontained in the specific geosynthetic property test method.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice provides a means by which samples ofgeosynthetics may be selected to provide a statistically validsample for the selection of test specimens without previousknow
27、ledge of the variability that may exist between productionunits.5.2 The principles stated in Practice D 4271, and the illus-trative text in that practice can be used by test method authorsin preparing sampling statements.5.3 This practice gives three procedures for sampling: onefor manufacturers qua
28、lity control (MQC), one for manufac-turers quality assurance (MQA) testing, and a third forpurchasers specification conformance testing. For this reason,test methods containing a section on sampling that requires theuse of this practice should contain a statement in the section onreporting similar t
29、o the following:“ Report which procedurefrom Practice D 4354 was used for sampling: Procedure A forManufacturers Quality Control (MQC), Procedure B forManufacturers Quality Assurance (MQA) Testing, or Proce-dure C for Purchasers Specification Conformance Testing.5.4 Manufacturers Quality Assurance i
30、s done internally toensure the manufacturer of the MQC program. When it isrequired to provide certification to a purchaser as to qualityassurance, the MQA testing is to be done by an external MQAtesting facility.6. Procedure ASampling for Manufacturers QualityControl (MQC) Testing6.1 Division into L
31、otsConsider as a separate lot anyportion of a production that represents the planned productionFIG. 1 Sampling UnitD 4354 99 (2004)2quantity that the producer is testing, that differs from otherportions in specifications, style, or physical characteristics. Ifportions that are billed or designated a
32、s separate lots areshipped from different production plants, treat each separatelyshipped portion as a separate lot. When sampling is requiredduring manufacturing, consider a lot to be the planned produc-tion quantity.6.2 Determination of Lot Sample Size:6.2.1 Use Table 1 to determine the lot sample
33、 size forquality control testing.6.2.2 When time intensive tests, such as ultraviolet degra-dation, are used do not test more than two units from a singlelot. Maintain information on the number of such tests per lotand supply the information to the purchaser upon request.6.2.3 If sampling is require
34、d during manufacture, select theunits for the lot sample at uniformly spaced time intervalsthroughout the production period.6.2.4 For properties that are evaluated as attributes, the unitsin the lot sample serve as both laboratory samples and testspecimens.7. Procedure BSampling for Manufacturers Qu
35、alityAssurance (MQA) Testing7.1 Division into LotsConsider as a separate lot anyportion of a production that represents the planned productionquantity that the producer is testing, that differs from otherportions in specifications, style, or physical characteristics. Ifportions that are billed or de
36、signated as separate lots areshipped from different production plants, treat each separatelyshipped portion as a separate lot. When sampling is requiredduring manufacturing, consider a lot to be the planned produc-tion quantity.7.2 Determination of Lot Sample SizeUse Table 2 todetermine the lot samp
37、le size for quality assurance testing.7.2.1 When time intensive tests, such as ultraviolet degra-dation, are used do not test more than two units from a singlelot. Maintain information on the number of such tests per lotand supply the information to the purchaser upon request.8. Procedure CSampling
38、for Purchasers SpecificationConformance TestingNOTE 1The conformance testing is done by the purchaser or desig-nated person/organization. It is usually done as the geosynthetics arebrought to the project site and justify the payment of the billing.8.1 Division into LotsConsider as a separate lot any
39、portion of a shipment that the user is testing that differs fromother portions in specifications, style, or physical characteris-tics. If portions that are billed or designated as separate lots areshipped from different production plants, treat each separatelyshipped portion as a separate lot. When
40、sampling is requiredduring manufacturing, consider a lot to be the planned produc-tion quantity.8.2 Determination of Lot Sample Size:8.2.1 Take for the lot sample, production units, as directedin an applicable material specification, or as agreed upon by thepurchaser and the seller. Consider the app
41、licable units ofproduction to be the primary sampling units.8.2.2 In the absence of a material specification or otheragreement use Table 3 to determine the lot sample size forspecification conformance testing.8.2.3 If the specification requires sampling during manufac-ture, select the units for the
42、lot sample at uniformly spaced timeintervals throughout the production period.8.2.4 For properties that are evaluated as attributes, the unitsin the lot sample serve as both laboratory samples and testspecimens.9. Keywords9.1 geosynthetic; quality assurance; quality control; sam-pling; specification
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46、n to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4354 99 (2004)3
