1、Designation: D4418 17Standard Practice forReceipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels for Gas Turbines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the receipt, storage, and handling offuels for gas turbines, except for gas turbines used in aircraft.It is i
3、ntended to provide guidance for the control of substancesin a fuel that could cause deterioration of either the fuel system,or the gas turbine, or both.1.2 This practice provides no guidance for either the selec-tion of a grade of fuel, a topic covered by Specification D2880,or for the safety aspect
4、s of the fuel and fuel systems. Forexample, this practice does not address the spacings of storagetanks, loading and unloading facilities, etc., and procedures fordealing with the flammability and toxic properties of the fuels.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The
5、values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
6、 regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Tr
7、ade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2274 Test Method for Oxi
8、dation Stability of Distillate FuelOil (Accelerated Method)D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in AviationFuel by Line SamplingD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels
9、and FuelSystems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fuel entering the combustor(s)this term is used todesignate the fuel that is actually burned in the gas turbine.Fuel may actually be sampled at a point upstream from thepoint of entry into the combustor(s), provided the sample isrepresentative of th
10、e fuel actually entering the combustor(s).3.1.2 fuel contaminant, nmaterial not intended to bepresent in a fuel, whether introduced during manufacture,handling, distribution, or storage, that makes the fuel lesssuitable for the intended use.3.1.2.1 DiscussionContaminants, which can be soluble inthe
11、fuel or insoluble (suspended liquid droplets or solid orsemi-solid particles), can be the result of improper processingor contamination by a wide range of materials including water,rust, airblown dust, deterioration of internal protective coatingson pipes or vessels, and products of fuel degradation
12、 andmicrobial growth.3.1.2.2 DiscussionSolid or semisolid contaminants can bereferred to as silt or sediment.3.1.3 dissolved and free water, nwater may be present inthe fuel as dissolved water or as “free” (undissolved) water, orboth. The free water may be fresh or saline. Fresh water mayenter the f
13、uel from steam coils in storage tanks, from conden-sation out of moisture-laden air, or from leaking cooling coils.Saline water can enter the fuel during transportation in bargesor tankers.3.1.4 particulate solids, nmay enter a fuel from the air(suspended dirt and aerosols) or from the distribution
14、andstorage systems (rust, corrosion products, gasket debris, and soforth).3.1.5 metallic compounds, nmetals may be present asmetallic compounds in the fuel as a natural result of the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and
15、is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4418 00 (2016).DOI: 10.1520/D4418-17.2For referenced AST
16、M standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM
17、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standa
18、rds, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1composition of the crude oil and of the refining process.However, unless special precautions are taken, additionalmetallic compounds can be acquired during distribution andstorage. A c
19、ommercial product pipeline may contain residuesof lead-containing gasoline that would then be dissolved by thegas turbine fuel. Tank trucks, railroad tankcars, barges, andtankers may be inadequately cleaned and contain residues ofpast cargos. Acidic components in saline water salts in the fuelmay re
20、act with distribution and storage equipment.3.1.6 microbial slimes, nmay result when conditions areconducive to the growth of microorganisms that are alwayspresent. The presence of free water is essential to the growth ofmany of these microorganisms that grow in tank water bottomsand feed on nutrien
21、ts in the water or on the hydrocarbons.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The body of this practice defines the contaminantsfrequently found in turbine fuel oils and discusses the sourcesand significance of such contaminants.4.2 Annex A1 is a guide for the receipt, storage, andhandling of distillate gas turb
22、ine fuels, Grades 1-GT and 2-GT,in accordance with Specification D2880.4.3 Annex A2 is a guide for the receipt, storage, andhandling of gas turbine fuels, Grades 3-GT and 4-GT, thatcontain residual components.4.4 Annex A3 is a guide for the selection and storage offuels intended for long-term storag
23、e, when such fuels aredistillate fuels.4.5 Annex A4 is a guide for gas turbine users who areconsidering the use of fuels from alternative non-petroleumsources.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice provides the user of gas turbine fuel oilsand the designer of gas turbine fuel systems with an appre
24、cia-tion of the effects of fuel contaminants and general methods ofcontrolling such contaminants in gas turbine fuel systems.5.2 This practice is general in nature and should not beconsidered a substitute for any requirement imposed by war-ranty of the gas turbine manufacturer, or by federal, state,
25、 orlocal government regulations.5.3 Although it cannot replace a knowledge of local condi-tions or the use of good engineering and scientific judgment,this practice does provide guidance in development of indi-vidual fuel management systems for the gas turbine user.6. Significance of Contaminants6.1
26、 Contamination levels in the fuel entering the combus-tor(s) must be low for improved turbine life. Low contamina-tion levels in the fuel in the turbines in-plant fuel system arerequired to minimize corrosion and operating problems. Pro-viding fuel of adequate cleanliness to the gas turbine combus-t
27、or(s) may require special actions by the user. These actionsmight include special transportation arrangements with the fuelsupplier, particular care in on-site fuel storage and qualitycontrol procedures, and establishment of on-site cleanup pro-cedures. Each of the four classes of contaminants defin
28、ed in3.1.2 has its own significance to system operation.6.1.1 Water will cause corrosion of tanks, piping, flowdividers, and pumps. Corrosion or corrosion products inclose-tolerance devices, such as flow dividers, may causeplugging and may stop flow to the turbines. Free water ispotentially corrosiv
29、e in sulfur-containing fuels, it may beparticularly corrosive. Free water may contain dissolved saltsthat may be corrosive, and may encourage microbiologicalgrowth.6.1.2 Particulate solids may shorten the life of fuel systemcomponents. Life of fuel pumps and of various close-tolerancedevices is a fu
30、nction of particulate levels and size distributionsin the fuel. High levels of particulates can lead to short cycletimes in the operation of filters, filter/separators, centrifuges,and electrostatic purifiers. Since such separation devices do notremove all the particulates, certain quantities will b
31、e present inthe down-stream fuel.6.1.3 Trace metals refer both to those metals present asmetallic compounds in solution and to metals present inparticulates like rust. They are dissolved or suspended either inthe fuel hydrocarbons or in free water present in the fuel. Thesignificance of several indi
32、vidual trace metals with respect tohot corrosion is discussed in 6.1.4 through 6.1.5. Althoughlower levels of trace metals in a fuel will promote longerturbine service from a corrosion standpoint, the specification ofexcessively low levels may limit the availability of the fuel ormaterially increase
33、 its cost. Table 1 suggests levels of tracemetals that would probably yield satisfactory service.6.1.4 Ash is the noncombustible material in an oil. Ashforming materials may be present in fuel oil in two forms: (1)solid particles, and (2) oil- or water-soluble metallic com-pounds. The solid particle
34、s are for the most part the samematerial that is designated as sediment in the water andsediment test. Depending on their size, these particles cancontribute to wear in the fuel system and to plugging of the fuelfilter and the fuel nozzle. The soluble metallic compounds havelittle or no effect on we
35、ar or plugging, but they can containelements that produce turbine corrosion and deposits as de-scribed in 6.1.5.6.1.5 Vanadium and LeadFuel contaminants might in-clude soluble compounds such as vanadium porphyrins, me-tallic soaps, or tetraethyl lead that cannot be removed from thefuel at the gas-tu
36、rbine site.6.1.5.1 Vanadium can form low melting compounds such asvanadium pentoxide which melts at 691 C (1275 F), andcauses severe corrosive attack on all of the high-temperatureTABLE 1 Trace Metal Limits of Fuel Entering TurbineCombustor(s)DesignationTrace Metal Limits by Weight, max, ppmVanadium
37、Sodium plusPotassiumCalcium LeadNo. 0-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No. 1-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No. 2-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No. 3-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5No. 4-GT (Consult turbine manufacturers)D4418 172alloys used for gas-turbine blades. If there is sufficient magne-sium in the fuel, it will combine with the vanadium to for
38、mcompounds with higher melting points and thus reduce thecorrosion rate to an acceptable level. The resulting ash willform deposits in the turbine and will require appropriatecleaning procedures.6.1.5.2 When vanadium is present in more than traceamounts either in excess of 0.5 ppm or a level recomme
39、ndedby the turbine manufacturer, it is necessary to maintain aweight ratio of magnesium to vanadium in the fuel of not lessthan 3.0 in order to control corrosion.6.1.5.3 An upper limit of 3.5 is suggested since larger ratioswill lead to unnecessarily high rates of ash deposition. In mostcases, the r
40、equired magnesium-to-vanadium ratio will beobtained by additions of magnesium-containing compounds tothe fuel oil. The special requirements covering the addition andtype of magnesium-containing additive, or equivalent, shall bespecified by mutual agreement between the various interestedparties. The
41、additive will vary depending on the application,but it is always essential that there is a fine and uniformdispersion of the additive in the fuel at the point of combustion.6.1.5.4 For gas turbines operating at turbine-inlet gas tem-peratures below 650 C (1200 F), the corrosion of the high-temperatu
42、re alloys is of minor importance, and the use of asilicon-base additive will further reduce the corrosion rate byabsorption and dilution of the vanadium compounds.6.1.5.5 Lead can cause corrosion, and in addition it can spoilthe beneficial inhibiting effect of magnesium additives onvanadium corrosio
43、n. Since lead is only rarely found in signifi-cant quantities in crude oils, its appearance in the fuel oil isprimarily the result of contamination during processing ortransportation.6.1.6 Sodium, Potassium, and CalciumFuel contaminantsmight also include fuel-insoluble materials such as water, salt,
44、or dirt, potential sources of sodium, potassium, and calcium.These are normally removed at the gas-turbine site, unless suchcontaminants are extremely finely divided.6.1.6.1 Sodium and Potassium can combine with vanadiumto form eutectics that melt at temperatures as low as 566 C(1050 F) and can comb
45、ine with sulfur in the fuel to yieldsulfates with melting points in the operating range of the gasturbine. These compounds produce severe corrosion, and forturbines operating at gas inlet temperatures above 650 C(1200 F), additives are not yet in general use that control suchcorrosion.6.1.6.2 Accord
46、ingly, the sodium-plus-potassium level mustbe limited, but each element is measured separately. Some gasturbine installations incorporate systems for washing oil withwater to reduce the sodium-plus-potassium level. In installa-tions where the fuel is moved by sea transport, the sodium-plus-potassium
47、 level should be checked prior to use to ensurethat the oil has not become contaminated with sea salt. For gasturbines operating at turbine inlet gas temperatures below650 C (1200 F), the corrosion due to sodium compounds is ofminor importance and can be further reduced by silicon-baseadditives. A h
48、igh sodium content is even beneficial in theseturbines because it increases the water-solubility of the depos-its and thereby increases the ease with which gas turbines canbe water-washed to obtain recovery of the operating perfor-mance.6.1.6.3 CalciumCalcium is not harmful from a corrosionstandpoin
49、t: in fact, it serves to inhibit the corrosive action ofvanadium. However, calcium can lead to hard-bonded depositsthat are not self-spalling when the gas turbine is shut down, andare not readily removed by water washing of the turbine. Thefuel-washing systems, used at some gas turbine installations toreduce the sodium and potassium level, will also significantlylower the calcium content of fuel oil.6.1.7 Microbial SlimesMicrobial slimes caused by micro-organisms can plug filters and other close-tolerance openings.Some organisms can cause corrosion as well as
