1、Designation: D4447 10Standard Guide forDisposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide the chemical labora-tory manager with guidelines for the disposal of small quanti-ties of laboratory wastes safe
3、ly and in an environmentallysound manner. This guide is applicable to laboratories thatgenerate small quantities of chemical or toxic wastes. Gener-ally, such tasks include, but are not limited to, analyticalchemistry, process control, and research or life science labo-ratories. It would be impossib
4、le to address the disposal of allwaste from all types of laboratories. This guide is intended toaddress the more common laboratory waste streams.1.2 This guide is intended to support compliance withenvironmental laws in the United States of America. Some ofthese laws provide for states to take over
5、regulation of airquality or natural water quality with the approval of theEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other matters, suchas laboratory waste tracking, disposal as household garbageand use of sewers, are handled at the state, local or providerlevel throughout the country. Examples of provi
6、ders are airscrubber services, municipal sewer systems, municipal andprivate garbage services, and treatment, storage or disposalfacilities (TSD). Go to the EPA home page, click Wastes Regions/States/Tribes States to get help locating state regu-lations. Unfortunately, it is not possible for any one
7、 source toprovide all the information necessary for laboratories tocomply with all regulations. To ensure compliance, the labo-ratory manager must communicate with regulators at all fourlevels.1.3 Though it would be convenient to cite each reference byits Universal Resource Locator (URL), this guide
8、 eschews that(because such references are too labile) with the exception ofhttp:/www.epa.gov for the United States Environmental Pro-tection Agency, http:/www.dot.gov or http:/www.hazmat.dot.gov for the United States Department ofTransportation, and http:/thomas.loc.gov to follow pendingfederal legi
9、slation in the United States. Intra-site links sug-gested here are also subject to obsolescence. However, one canenter in the web site search box the title of the document citedto locate it.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It i
10、s theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Department of Transportation Regulations:249 CFR 172 Hazardous Materials Tables and HazardousMater
11、ials Communications Regulations49 CFR 172.203 DOT Hazardous Materials Table, Addi-tional Description Requirements49 CFR 173 ShippersGeneral Requirements for Ship-ments and Packagings49 CFR 173.12(b) DOT Shippers General Requirementsfor Shipments and Packagings. Exceptions for shipment ofwaste materi
12、als: Lab packs49 CFR 178 Shipping Container Specifications49 CFR 179 Specifications for Tank Cars2.2 EPA Regulations:340 CFR 261 Protection of Environment. Identification andListing of Hazardous Waste (includes 261.2, Definition ofsolid waste40 CFR 261.3 Definition of Hazardous Waste40 CFR 261.33 Di
13、scarded Commercial Chemical Products,Off-Specifications Species, Container Residues, and Resi-dues Thereof40 CFR 261.5 Special Requirements for Hazardous WasteGenerated by Small Quantity Generators40 CFR 262.34 RCRA Standards Applicable to Generatorsof Hazardous Waste. Accumulation Time40 CFR 262.40
14、 EPA Standards Applicable to Generators of1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last
15、previous edition approved in 2006 as D4447 06. DOI:10.1520/D4447-10.2Available from PHMSA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 400 7th Street,SW, Washington, DC 20590; http:/hazmat.dot.gov/regs/rules.htm3Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pennsyl
16、vania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460; http:/www.epa.gov/epahome/lawregs.htm1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Hazardous Waste. Recordkeeping and Reporting: Record-keeping.40 CFR 262.42(b) EPA Standards Applicable to Gene
17、ratorsof Hazardous Waste. Recordkeeping and Reporting: Ex-ception reporting.40 CFR 262.44 EPA Standards Applicable to Generators ofHazardous Waste. Recordkeeping and Reporting: Specialrequirements for generators of between 100 and 1000kg/mo40 CFR 262.100-108 EPA Standards Applicable to Genera-tors o
18、f Hazardous Waste. University Laboratories XLProjectLaboratory Environmental Management Stan-dard, Subpart J, and 52380 Federal Register/Vol 64, No.187/Tuesday, September 28, 1999/Rules and Regulations;Project XL Site-specific Rulemaking for University Labo-ratories at the University of Massachusett
19、s, Boston, MA,the Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, and the Universityof Vermont, Burlington, VT; Hazardous Waste Manage-ment System, EPA Final Rule40 CFR 265.16 RCRA Hazardous Waste Training40 CFR 403.5 EPA General Pretreatment Regulations forExisting and New Sources of Pollution. National pretrea
20、t-ment standards: Prohibited discharges.40 CFR 761 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Manufactur-ing, Processing, Distribution in Commerce, and UseProhibitions2.3 Not-for-profit Institutions:4Managing Hazardous Wastes: HHMI Collaborative Project,Howard Hughes Medical Institute3. Summary of Guide3.1 The
21、 necessary classification of the waste for shippingand manifesting is addressed both by their common or genericchemical name.3.2 Types of wastes are listed and defined in a mannernecessary to segregate them for recovery, pretreatment, ordisposal.3.3 Procedures are not for recovery of the materials,
22、or torender them non-hazardous and amenable to municipal landfillor in-house disposal, or to prepare them for disposal in anauthorized chemical waste disposal site, but some sources forminimization activities are included.3.4 Various methods of disposal are discussed.3.5 Each type of waste is design
23、ated a specific recovery orpretreatment and disposal method. In most cases, disposalalternatives are offered.4. Significance and Use4.1 “Stand-alone” laboratories rarely generate or handlelarge volumes of hazardous substances. However, the safehandling and disposal of these substances is still a mat
24、ter ofconcern. Since the promulgation of the Resource Conservationand Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, more attention has beengiven to the proper handling and disposal of such materials.States may adopt more stringent requirements; information onthis may be found along the path EPA Home Wastes Regions/S
25、tates/Tribes RCRA State Authorization Data,Charts and Graphs (STATS) State/Regional. To keep track ofthis, EPA classifies state regulatory language as (1) authorized,(2) procedural/enforcement, (3) broader in scope, and (4)unauthorized, and it publishes notices concerning the first threein the Feder
26、al Register.4.2 Laboratory management should designate an individualwho will be responsible for waste disposal and must review theRCRA guidelines, in particular:40 CFR 261.3 - definition of a hazardous waste,40 CFR 261.33 -specific substances listed as hazardous,40 CFR 262 - generator requirements a
27、nd exclusions, andproper shipping and manifesting procedures.4.3 Because many laboratory employees could be involvedin the proper (and improper) treatment and disposal of labora-tory chemicals and samples, it is suggested that a safety andtraining program be designed and presented to all regardingpr
28、ocedures to follow in the treatment and disposal of desig-nated laboratory wastes and is required by the EPA (40 CFR265.16). For those who pack and ship, Hazardous MaterialsShipper training is also required by DOT (49 CFR 172.203).54.4 If practical and economically feasible, it is, of course,recomme
29、nded that all laboratory waste be either recovered,re-used, or disposed of in-house. However, should this not bethe case, other alternatives are presented. This guide is in-tended only as a suggested organized method for classification,segregation, and disposal of chemical laboratory waste. Aunivers
30、ity can set up its own chemical distributor to take ordersfrom departments, order in economical quantities, sell atprorated bulk price plus expenses, and take back what isunused. For an example of a university central facility forminimizing over-ordering, storing chemical packages betweenuses, and d
31、isposing of hazardous wastes, see the web site of theUniversity of Vermont, especially Procedure 12: LaboratoryWaste Pickup and RCRA Hazardous Waste Determination.4.5 The handling of laboratory samples, especially thosereceived in large numbers or quantities from a specific source,can often be accom
32、modated by returning the material to theoriginator, so he can account or process them, or both, andpotentially combine them with larger quantities for recycling ordisposal. Shipments of hazardous waste, including samples, aresubject to RCRA regulations that do not apply to shipments ofwhat is simila
33、r but not waste-like. A sample that was not awaste as received, and has not been contaminated or labeled aswaste, need not be a waste when it is returned.4.6 The small quantity generator exclusion (40 CFR 261.5)applies to some laboratories (those which generate less than100 kg per month 25 gal liqui
34、d). It is important to note thatnot every state allows the small quantity exclusion in thisamount. Even so, the professional laboratory supervisor and his4Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD208156789, (301) 2158500.5Where personnel changes have left a lab with po
35、tentially hazardous materialsand no expertise in their safe handling and disposal, a Web search for the name ofthe material and “MSDS” will often provide a materials safety data sheet with basicinformation. Also helpful is Hazardous Technical Information Services of theDefense Logistics Agency, (800
36、) 848-4847. For infectious agents, see Ref (5) inRecommended Reading at the end of this standard or call Centers for DiseaseControl at (404) 639-3311.D4447 102or her employers must balance the importance of (1) protectinghuman health and the environment from the adverse impact ofpotential mismanagem
37、ent of small quantities of hazardouswaste with (2) the need to hold the administrative andeconomic burden of management of these wastes under RCRAwithin reasonable and practical limits. Additionally, all labsupervisors should be aware of all current local, state andfederal regulations, and of specif
38、ic hazardous waste manage-ment facility criteria. Special rules have been made for someacademic laboratories; see 40 CFR 262.100-108. Commercialservices to facilitate Internet access to the regulations, and evento alert users to changes in chosen parts of these regulations,are available.65. Classifi
39、cation of Waste Types5.1 Classification:5.1.1 Hazardous waste is waste or a combination of wastes-including toxic, corrosive, irritating, sensitizing, radioactive,biologically infectious, explosive or flammable solid wastesthat pose a present or potential threat to human health or theenvironment. Th
40、ere are three ways a waste can be required tobe recognized as an RCRA hazardous waste. (1) The wastemight contain certain listed chemicals, (2) the waste mighthave been generated from specific sources or manufacturingprocesses noted in the regulation, (3) the waste might displaycertain characteristi
41、cs (D001-Ignitability, D002-Corrosivity,etc).5.1.2 The individual responsible for classification and seg-regation must be familiar with the wastes chemical, physical,and hazardous properties in order to properly classify materialsfor disposal or transportation, or both. All generators ofhazardous wa
42、ste must register with EPA or State equivalent,but many laboratories may be classified as exempt or as smallquantity generators.5.1.3 Priority ChemicalsEPA OSW has identified 31chemical categories (EPA Home Wastes Waste Minimiza-tion Priority Chemicals Risk Assess-ment in the Infectious Disease Labo
43、ratory, Centers for DiseaseControl, Public Health Service, U.S. Dept. of Health and HumanServices, Atlanta, GA, October, 1998(6) e-Manifest Roadmap Conference Proceedings, U.S. EPA CentralData Exchange, Washington, DC, June 10, 2004.(7) 49 Code of Federal Regualtions (CFR), Subpart H, 172.700-172.70
44、4,Hazardous Materials Shipper Training Requirements.2(8) 40 CFR 160, EPA FIFRA Regulations: Good Laboratory PracticeStandards.3(9) 40 CFR 261.2, Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste. Defi-nition of Solid Waste.3(10) 40 CFR 403, General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and NewSources of
45、 Pollution.3(11) 40 CFR 792 , EPA TSCA Regulations. Good Laboratory PracticeStandards.3(12) The Yellow Book: Guide to Environmental Enforcement and Com-pliance at Federal Facilities, USEPA Office of Enforcement andCompliance Assurance, EPA 315-B-98-011, February 1999.3(13) RCRA Orientation Manual, R
46、CRA (Resource Conservation andRecovery Act) Orientation Manual 2006, EPA530-R-06-003, March20063(14) RCRA Statutory Overview, RCRA, Superfund http:/www.epa.gov/projectxl/nelabls/chaptera.pdf3(17) State Hazardous Waste Contacts, EPA530-E-00-001b, October 2000;http:/www.epa.gov/epaoswer/general/manag-
47、hw/e00-001b.pdf3(18) The Compendium of Superfund Program Publications; http:/cfpub.epa.gov/superapps/index.cfm/fuseaction/pubs.default/pubs.cfm(19) RCRA/UST, Superfund, and EPCRA Hotline, Call (800) 4249346between 9:00 and 6:00 pm.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any p
48、atent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revisi
49、on at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown belo
