1、Designation: D4578 06 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Methods forRubber ChemicalsDetermination of Percent Sulfur byExtraction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4578; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of solventinsoluble materials in a sulfur sample. The two test
3、 methodsavailable are: (1) Test Method A, Extraction by CarbonDisulfide, and (2) Test Method B, Extraction by Toluene. Ifthere are no other solvent insoluble materials present in thesulfur, these test methods determine the insoluble sulfurcontent directly. If other materials are also present, additi
4、onaltesting is necessary to identify what portion of the insolubles isinsoluble sulfur.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associat
5、ed with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specificwarning, see 5.1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with intern
6、ationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4483
7、Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustries3. Significance and Use3.1 Test Method A is commonly used for quality controltesting because of the solvent efficiency of carbon disulfide.Test Method B employs toluene as a solvent becau
8、se it is lesstoxic and less volatile than carbon disulfide. Test Method B ismore likely to be used for research and development or for anyother purpose where such information may be useful.TEST METHOD AEXTRACTION BY CARBONDISULFIDE4. Apparatus4.1 Filtering Crucible, 30 cm3medium porosity.4.2 Filter
9、Flask and Adapter for Crucible.4.3 Circulating Air Oven, at 60C, explosion proof, vented.5. Reagent5.1 Carbon Disulfide, reagent grade. (WarningCarbondisulfide is a highly volatile, toxic, and flammable liquid. Itmust be utilized in a well ventilated chemical fume hood freeof ignition sources. Rubbe
10、r gloves should be worn whenhandling this solvent.)6. Procedure6.1 Initially weigh a 30-cm3filtering crucible to 60.001 g,and then accurately weigh to 60.001 g,a2to5-gspecimeninto the tared crucible.6.2 Place the crucible in a suction flask in a well-ventedhood and wash with 100 to 150 cm3of carbon
11、disulfide. Adjustthe suction so that the extraction time is at least 8 min.6.3 Dry the specimen as completely as possible on thesuction flask by continuing suction. Place the crucible in avented, explosion-proof oven at 60C for 1 h.6.4 Remove, cool in a desiccator for 1 h, or to constantmass, and re
12、weigh.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and Rubber-like Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD11.11 on Chemical Analysis.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition appr
13、oved in 2012 as D4578 06 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D4578-06R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Sup
14、porting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D11-1051.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with i
15、nternationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16.5 If insoluble materials other than insolu
16、ble sulfur areknown to be present or suspected, place the crucible in aloosely capped jar and heat 16 h at 80C in a vented,explosion-proof oven. Repeat steps 6.2 through 6.4 and obtainthe mass after heating. This is the insoluble material other thaninsoluble sulfur.7. Calculation7.1 If only insolubl
17、e sulfur, S, is found, calculate thefollowing, in percent:S 5 100 3 B/A (1)7.2 If other insoluble materials are present, calculate thefollowing:S 5 100 3 B 2 C/A (2)where:S = insoluble sulfur, %,A = original specimen mass, g,B = specimen mass after first extraction, g, andC = specimen mass after hea
18、ting 16 h at 80C followed byrepeating the extraction procedure, g.8. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 The proper identification of samples, and8.1.2 The percent insoluble sulfur determined.9. Precision and Bias39.1 This precision and bias section has been prepared inaccordance with P
19、ractice D4483. Refer to Practice D4483 forterminology and other statistical details.9.2 The precision results in this precision and bias sectiongive an estimate of the precision of this test method with thematerials (rubbers) used in the particular interlaboratory pro-grams as described below. The p
20、recision parameters should notbe used for acceptance/rejection testing of any group ofmaterials without documentation that they are applicable tothose particular materials and the specific testing protocols thatinclude this test method.9.3 A Type 1 (interlaboratory) precision was evaluated in1986. B
21、oth repeatability and reproducibility are short term. Aperiod of a few days separates replicate test results.Atest resultis the mean value, as specified by this test method, obtained ontwo determinations or measurements of the property or param-eter in question.9.4 Two different materials were used
22、in the interlaboratoryprogram. These were tested in six laboratories on two differentdays.9.5 The results of the precision calculations for repeatabilityand reproducibility are given in Table 1, in ascending order ofmaterial average or level, for each of the materials evaluated.9.6 The precision of
23、this test method may be expressed inthe format of the following statements which use an appropri-ate value of r, R,(r), or (R), that is, that value to be used indecisions about test results (obtained with the test method).The appropriate value is that value of r or R associated with amean level in T
24、able 1 closest to the mean level underconsideration at any given time, for any given material inroutine testing operations.9.7 RepeatabilityThe repeatability, r, of this test methodhas been established as the appropriate value tabulated inTable 1. Two single test results, obtained under normal testm
25、ethod procedures, that differ by more than this tabulated r(for any given level) must be considered as derived fromdifferent or nonidentical sample populations.9.8 ReproducibilityThe reproducibility, R, of this testmethod has been established as the appropriate value tabulatedin Table 1. Two single
26、test results obtained in two differentlaboratories, under normal test method procedures, that differby more than the tabulated R (for any given level) must beconsidered to have come from different or nonidentical samplepopulations.9.9 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a percentof the me
27、an level, (r) and (R), have equivalent applicationstatements as above for r and R. For the (r) and (R) statements,the difference in the two single test results is expressed as apercent of the arithmetic mean of the two test results.9.10 BiasIn test method terminology, bias is the differencebetween a
28、n average test value and the reference (or true) testproperty value. Reference values have not been evaluated forthis test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be determined.TABLE 1 Type 1 Precision ResultsInsoluble Sulfur Content: Test Method A (Carbon Disulfide)Material AverageWithin LaboratoryABetween
29、 LaboratoryASrr (r) SRR (R)Oil Treated, 90 % InsolubleSulfurA74.39 0.1500 0.4245 0.571 0.2154 0.6096 0.820Oil Treated, 90 % InsolubleSulfurB76.14 0.0913 0.2583 0.339 0.0922 0.2609 0.343Pooled ValuesB75.19 0.1242 0.3514 0.467 0.1794 0.5077 0.675ASr= repeatability standard deviation.r = repeatability
30、= 2.83 the square root of the repeatability variance.(r)= repeatability (as a percentage of material average).SR= reproducibility standard deviation.R = reproducibility = 2.83 the square root of the reproducibility variance.(R)= reproducibility (as a percentage of material average).BNo values omitte
31、d.D4578 06 (2017)2TEST METHOD BEXTRACTION BY TOLUENE10. Apparatus10.1 400-cm3Beaker and 90-mm Diameter Watch Glass.10.2 Magnetic Stirrer and Teflon Coated Stirring Bars.10.3 Filtering Crucible, 50-cm3, medium porosity.10.4 Filter Flask, 500 cm3, and Adaptor for Crucible.10.5 Circulating Air Oven, ex
32、plosion proof, vented, set at70C.11. Reagent11.1 Toluene, reagent grade.12. Procedure12.1 Accurately weigh to 60.001 g approximately2gofasulfur specimen in a 400-cm3beaker. Add 200 cm3toluene anda magnetic stirring bar. Cover with a watch glass and stir at amoderate rate for 30 min.12.2 Weigh a clea
33、n, dry filtering crucible to 60.001 g. Placethe crucible in the adaptor, mounted on a vacuum suction flaskin a fume hood. Remove the beaker from the magnetic stirrerand quantitatively transfer all the material from the beaker intothe crucible. Wash the remaining filtrate in the crucible threetimes w
34、ith 20 cm3portions of toluene.12.3 Remove as much toluene as possible, using maximumsuction. Transfer the crucible to the oven and dry for one hourat 70C. Remove the specimen from the oven, cool in adessicator, and weigh.13. Calculation13.1 If only insoluble sulfur is found, calculate the follow-ing
35、:S 5 100 3 B/A (3)13.2 If other insoluble materials are present, calculate thefollowing:S 5 100 3 B 2 C/A (4)where:S = insoluble sulfur, %,A = original specimen mass, g,B = specimen mass after first extraction, g, andC = specimen mass after heating 16 h at 80C followed byrepeating the extraction pro
36、cedure, g.14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 The proper identification of samples, and14.1.2 The percent insoluble sulfur determined.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Round-robin testing will be conducted and precisionand bias statements will be balloted for inclusion when testingis com
37、pleted.16. Keywords16.1 insoluble sulfur; sulfurASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,
38、 and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for rev
39、ision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you
40、 shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be
41、obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 06 (2017)3
