1、Designation: D4790 11D4790 14Standard Terminology ofAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2D835 Specification for Refined Benzene-485 (Withdrawn 1997)3D841 Specification for Nitration Grade Tolu
3、eneD843 Specification for Nitration Grade XyleneD846 Specification for Ten-Degree Xylene (Withdrawn 1989)3D847 Test Method for Acidity of Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Solvent Naphthas, and Similar Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsD848 Test Method for Acid Wash Color of Industrial Aromatic HydrocarbonsD
4、1015 Test Method for Freezing Points of High-Purity HydrocarbonsD1016 Test Method for Purity of Hydrocarbons from Freezing PointsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD149
5、2 Test Method for Bromine Index of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Coulometric TitrationD1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2031 Test Method for Reducing Substances in Refined Pyridine (Withdrawn 2003)3D2121 Test Methods for Polymer Cont
6、ent of Styrene Monomer and AMS (Methylstyrene)D2147 Method of Test for Detection and Estimation of Water-Insoluble Impurities in Refined Phenol by Cloud Point Depression(Withdrawn 1979)3D2269 Test Method for Evaluation of White Mineral Oils by Ultraviolet AbsorptionD2279 Method of Test for Acid Wash
7、 Color of Refined Naphthalene (Withdrawn 1982)3D2323 Specification for Refined Pyridine (1 Degree) (Withdrawn 2003)3D2359 Specification for Refined Benzene-535D2403 Specification for Refined Phthalic Anhydride-1308 (Withdrawn 2008)3D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable
8、 Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD2827 Specification for Styrene MonomerD2935 Test Method for Apparent Density of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Withdrawn 2005)3D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)3D4053 Test Method for Benzene in Motor
9、and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy (Withdrawn 2013)3D4734 Specification for Refined Benzene-545E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)32. Terminologyabsorbance, nthe logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the relative
10、 transmittance, T, expressed as:A 5log10 1/T! 52log10 T (1)D1840, D2269, D4053; D021 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD16.05 on Editorial and Nomenclature.Current edition app
11、roved Feb. 1, 2011July 1, 2014. Published February 2011August 2014. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 asD4790 07.D4790 11. DOI: 10.1520/D4790-11.10.1520/D4790-14.The boldface designations refer to the original source of the definition and the ASTM Technical Comm
12、ittee having jurisdiction.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved versio
13、n of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chan
14、ges accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Un
15、ited States1accuracy,nthe agreement between the mean of a series of repeated measurements of a property and the accepted reference valueof the property. D3980; D01acidity, nthe number of milligrams of sodium hydroxide consumed when 100 mL of the sample are titrated under the conditionsprescribed in
16、this method. D847; D16acid reaction, na characteristic of materials producing the acid-color of the indicator used under the conditions prescribed inthis method. D847; D16acid wash color, nthe color developed in the separated acid when a sample is agitated with sulfuric acid under the conditionpresc
17、ribed in this method. D848; D2279; D16aldehydes, na broad class of organic compounds having a generic formula RCHO, and characterized by a carbonyl group.alkaline or basic reaction, na characteristic of the materials producing the alkalicolor of the indicator used under the conditionsprescribed in t
18、his method. D847; D16alpha-methylstyrene, n2-phenylpropene (C9H10) mol weight 119.16; colorless liquid; subject to polymerization by heat orcatalysts; freezing point, 23.21C; boiling point, 165.38C.apparent density, nthe density calculated when the pycnometer is calibrated with water, weighed in air
19、, and when the sampleis weighed in air and no air buoyancy correction is used for either weighing, even though the density in vacuum of water is usedin calculating the apparent volume of the pycnometer.apparent density at 60F, nthe weight in air of a unit volume of sample at 60F; in this method, the
20、 weight is in pounds andthe volume in U.S. liquid gallons. Average air in this method is assumed to have a density of 0.0012 g/cm3.DISCUSSIONThis definition is not in conflict with that given in the current version of Definitions E12. D2935; D16aromatic hydrocarbon, nan organic chemical containing a
21、 benzene ring. Committee D16 scope includes moncyclic andpolycyclic carbon-ring structures recovered or synthesized form any source, and which are intended primarily for use as solventsor raw materials for chemical synthesis.aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives and related chemicals, nCommittee D16 scop
22、e includes chemicals such as: cycloalkanessuch as cyclohexane which are intended primarily for use in chemical synthesis; phenols, arylthiols, and their homologs;heterocyclics such as pyridine and quinoline; and other chemicals synthesized from ring structures. Excluded from the scope areparaffinic
23、and olefinic hydrocarbons, and those aromatic and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons that are intended primarily for fuelsand lubricants.at-line analysis, nanalytical procedure performed in a process environment using manually entered samples.benzene, ncyclohexatriene, benzol (obsolete) (C6H6) mol weight
24、 78.11; clear, colorless, highly flammable liquid; characteristicodor; solidification point +5.5C; boiling point 80.1C.benzene, carbon disulfide-free, nbenzene treated with alcoholic sodium hydroxide and used as a spectrophotometric referencestandard.benzene-535, refined, nbenzene with impurities li
25、mited to trace amounts by a solidification point of 5.35C and having a totaldistillation range of no more than 1.0C. Refer to Specification D2359 for complete specifications.benzene-545, refined, nbenzene with impurities limited to trace amounts by a solidification point of 5.45C and having a totald
26、istillation range of no more than 1C. Refer to Specification D4734.benzene-485, refined (nitration grade), nbenzene with impurities limited by a solidification point of 4.85C and having a totaldistillation range of no more than 1.0C. Refer to Specification D835 for complete specifications.benzene, t
27、hiophene-free, nbenzene refined by special treatment and used as a reagent in ASTM standards.bias, na persistent positive or negative deviation of a test method average value from the assumed or accepted true value. D1129;D2777; D19bromine index, nthe number of milligrams of bromine consumed by 100
28、g of sample under given conditions. D1492; D16carbon disulfide (CS2), nmol weight 76.14; clear, colorless, flammable, volatile liquid; boiling point, 45.6C; freezing point,111.6C.D4790 142clear, nfree of turbidity.cloud point of phenol, nthe temperature at which a separate phase forms when a homogen
29、eous solution of phenol in water isallowed to cool at a prescribed rate from a temperature above that at which phase separation occurs. It may precisely be definedas follows: when a homogeneous solution of phenol and water is allowed to cool at a prescribed rate with stirring, the solutionwill show
30、a slight cloudiness or turbidity as the cloud point is approached. On further cooling, the cloudiness will increaserapidly and the thermometer bulb, which is centrally located in the test tube, will suddenly become invisible. The temperatureat which the thermometer bulb becomes invisible is taken as
31、 the cloud point. D2147; D16cloudy, nqualitative expression of turbidity.confidence limits, nthe limits on either side of the mean value of a group of observations which will, in a stated fraction orpercent of the cases include the expected value. Thus the 95 % confidence limits are the values betwe
32、en which the populationmean will be situated in 95 out of 100 cases. D3980; D01copper corrosion, na qualitative indication of reactive impurities in aromatic hydrocarbons. An iridescent, gray, or blackdiscoloration of polished copper strip is considered cause for rejection.corrosive substance, nin C
33、ommittee D16 Standards, material in industrial aromatic hydrocarbons that discolors or tarnishespolished copper.cresol(s), nmethyl phenol, hydroxymethyl benzene (C7H8O) mol weight 108.13; colorless, yellowish, brownish, yellow, orpinkish liquid; phenolic odor. Three isomeric cresols exist.cresylic a
34、cids, ncommercial mixtures of phenolic materials which may include phenol, cresols, xylenols, and other alkylatedphenols.cumene, n(C9H12) mol weight 120.19; clear, flammable liquid; melting point, 96.0C; boiling point, 152.4C.cyclohexane-995, ncyclohexane with a purity of 99.5 weight % minimum deter
35、mined by analysis by gas chromatography. Referto proposed specifications for complete requirements.degrees of freedom, nthe number of observations minus the number of constraints imposed upon the system. In general, onlyone constraint (for example, the mean value) is imposed and the total degrees of
36、 freedom are one less than the number ofobservations. D3980; D01density in air, nthe weight per unit volume in vacuum minus the weight of a volume of air equal to the difference between thevolume of the sample and the volume of brass weights equivalent to weight in vacuum of the sample.dry point tem
37、perature, nthe temperature observed immediately after the liquid just disappears from the bottom of the flaskduring a distillation test.effective carbon number (ECN), nthe response of a flame ionization detector (FID) to various organic function groups on amass basis has been determined. This inform
38、ation is then combined to determine the response of the FID to various organicmolecules relative to n-heptane. A specimen is analyzed by gas chromatography and the area of each component is correctedusing the ECN-derived relative response factors. The corrected areas are then normalized to determine
39、 the results.ethylbenzene (C8H10), nmol weight 106.16; clear, colorless, flammable liquid; freezing point, 94.97C; boiling point, 136C.evaporation residue, nthe nonvolatile impurities remaining after vaporizing a substance.external standard calculation, na method of calculation for low-level compone
40、nts in a sample where the peak areas of thecomponents of interest are compared to peak area of a standard of known composition analyzed under identical conditions.freezing point, nthe temperature at which the liquid and solid states of a substance are in equilibrium at a given pressure (usuallyatmos
41、pheric). For pure substances it is identical with the melting point of the solid form. Lange, 10th Ed.4homologues of phenol, ncompounds of the phenol series whose structure differs regularly by some radical (for example, -CH3)from that of its adjacent neighbor in the series. Also cresols and xylenol
42、s.hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nmol weight 34.08; flammable, poisonous gas with characteristic odor of rotten eggs.industrial grade, na quality of aromatic hydrocarbons suitable for many industrial applications that have a tolerance fornonreactive impurities.DISCUSSION4 Lange, N. A., Handbook of Chemistr
43、y, 10th Ed., McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York, NY.D4790 143The classification covers intermediate levels of purity that may vary over a wide range for different materials.inhibitor, na substance added to a material to retard or prevent deterioration.initial boiling point, nthe temperature observe
44、d immediately after the first drop of distillate falls into the receiving cylinderduring a distillation test.internal standard calculation, na method of calculation for low-level components in a sample where the peak areas of thecomponents of interest are compared to peak area of a compound, not ori
45、ginally present in the sample, which was quantitativelyadded to the specimen before analysis. The peak areas may be corrected for known differences in response by applying relativeresponse factors.isopropylbenzenesee cumene.ketones, na class of organic compounds possessing a carbonyl group attached
46、to two hydrocarbon groups. Acetone is the firstmember of this series.meta-xylene, n1,3-dimethylbenzene (C8H10) mol weight 106.16; clear, colorless, flammable liquid; freezing point, 47.87C;boiling point, 139.3C.mixed xylenes, na mixture of C8 aromatics including m-xylene, o-xylene, and p-xylene. Ind
47、ustry convention includes ethylbenzene as a mixed xylene though ethyl benzene is not technically a xylene. Styrene is excluded.moisture, atmospheric, nambient humidity that may be absorbed by hygroscopic material during sampling and testing and maylead to erroneous results.molten state, nthe liquid
48、phase of a solid substance existing above its melting point temperature.naphtha, aromatic solvent, na concentrate of aromatic hydrocarbons including C8, C9 and C10 homologs.DISCUSSIONDistillation end point of individual grades varies between 155 and 220C to provide a range of volatility and solvency
49、 characteristics. Color of solventsis water-white to dark red depending on refining treatment.naphthalene (C10H6), nmol weight 128.16; monoclinic prismatic plates; commercially available as white scales, powder, balls,or cakes; odor of moth balls; solidification point, 80.1C; sublimes above melting point.nonaromatic hydrocarbons, none or more types of hydrocarbons identified as paraffins, cycloparaffins (naphthenes), andolefins. Generally, the saturated types, paraffins and cycloparaffins
