1、Designation: D 5573 99 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forClassifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP)Joints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5573; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying, identi-fying, and characterizing the failure modes in
3、 adhesivelybonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used indeveloping this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-moldingcompound, or SMC.1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehen-sive definitions of possib
4、le failure modes to serve as a guide forcontracts, drawings, product specifications, and product perfor-mance.NOTE 1Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are containedin the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.2Fig. 2Side-by Side Comparison of Failure ModesFig. 3Adhesive Fail
5、ureFig. 4Cohesive FailureFig. 5Thin-Layer Cohesive FailureFig. 6Fiber-Tear FailureFig. 7Light-Fiber-Tear FailureFig. 8Stock-Break FailureFig. 9Mixed Failure40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear FiberFig. 10Mixed Failure32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-TearFailureFig. 11Mixed Failure20 % Ad
6、hesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear FailureNOTE 2This practice may be used to describe the failure modesgenerated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D 3163,D 3164, D 3165, D 3807, D 5041, D 5868 , and SAE J1525.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be r
7、egarded as thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
8、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 3163 Test Method for Determining Strength of Adhe-sively Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear byTension LoadingD 3164 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesivelyBonded Plastic Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints
9、 in Shear byTension LoadingD 3165 Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives inShear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint LaminatedAssembliesD 3807 Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives inCleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-to-Engineering-Plastics)D 5041 Test Meth
10、od for Fracture Strength in Cleavage ofAdhesives in Bonded JointsD 5868 Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for FiberReinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J1525 SAE Recommended PracticeLap Shear Testfor Automotive-Type Adhesives for Fiber ReinforcedPlastic (FRP) Bonding42.3 ASTM Adjunc
11、ts:Color Photographs of Failure Modes23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions may not appear outside of this practiceunless the following delimiting phrase is included: “relating totesting FRP bonded joints and ASTM Practice D 5573.”3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fa
12、ilure-mode classification, nrelating to testing FRPbonded joints, a classification that includes the seven classes of1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on Adhesivesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.40 on Adhesives for Plastics.Current edition approved A
13、pril 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 5573 99.2Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Request Adjunct No.ADJD5573.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv
14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
15、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.failure modes identified here: (1) adhesive failure, (2) cohesivefailure, (3) thin-layer cohesive failure, (4) fiber-tear failure, (5)light-fiber-tear failure, (6) stock-break failure, and (7) mixedfailure (see 3.2.1.2 through 3.2.1.10).3.2.1.1 Discussi
16、onFailure of a tested specimen is seldomconfined to a single mode, but rather is a combination of twoor more of the first six modes, such combination designated asmixed failure. Whenever possible, mixed failure should alwaysbe reported citing the class of failure present and the percent ofeach class
17、.3.2.1.2 adhesive failure, ADH (or A), nrupture of theadhesively bonded joint, such that the separation appears to beat the adhesive-adherend interface. (Sometimes referred to asinterfacial failure.) (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3.)3.2.1.3 DiscussionAfter failure, the FRP and adhesivesurfaces may h
18、ave a shiny appearance and there is no evidencethat any adhesive or FRP, or both, have transferred to the othersurface.3.2.1.4 cohesive failure, COH (or C), nrupture of anadhesively bonded joint, such that the separation is within theadhesive. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 4.)3.2.1.5 DiscussionThis
19、term has also been used to de-scribe a failure within the FRP substrate. This usage is beingdiscouraged.3.2.1.6 thin-layer cohesive failure, TLC, nfailure similarto cohesive failure, except that the failure is very close to theadhesive-substrate interface, characterized by a “light dusting”of adhesi
20、ve on one substrate surface and a thick layer ofadhesive left on the other. (Sometimes referred to as interphasefailure.) (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 5.)3.2.1.7 fiber-tear failure, FT, nin an adhesively bondedjoint, failure occurring exclusively within the FRP matrix,characterized by the appearanc
21、e of reinforcing fibers on bothruptured surfaces. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 6.)3.2.1.8 interphase failure, nsee thin-layer cohesive fail-ure.3.2.1.9 interfacial failure, nSee adhesive failure.3.2.1.10 light-fiber-tear failure, LFT, nfailure occurringwithin the FRP substrate, near the surface, ch
22、aracterized by athin layer of the FRP resin matrix visible on the adhesive, withfew or no glass fibers transferred from the substrate to theadhesive. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 7.)3.2.1.11 stock-break failure, SB, na break of the FRPsubstrate outside the adhesively bonded-joint region, oftenoccur
23、ring near it. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 8.)3.2.1.12 mixed failure, nany combination of two or moreof the six classes of failure mode defined in 3.2.1.2, 3.2.1.4,3.2.1.6, 3.2.1.7, 3.2.1.10, and 3.2.1.11. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig.9, Fig. 10, and Fig. 11.)3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ADH (or A)adhesive
24、failure.3.3.2 COH (or C)cohesive failure.3.3.3 TLCthin-layer cohesive failure.3.3.4 FRPfiber-reinforced plastic.3.3.5 FTfiber-tear failure.3.3.6 LFTlight-fiber-tear failure.3.3.7 SBstock-break failure.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a simple means of classifyingfailure modes for ad
25、hesively bonded FRP joints.4.2 Each failure mode classification is based solely on avisual observation of the failure surface without the aid of amicroscope or other means to magnify the surface.4.3 Except for the line-drawing representations given, thispractice does not contain descriptions of fail
26、ure modes possiblewhen using adhesion promoters. However, similar analogies tothe failure modes described herein can be made.4.4 This practice does not address the acceptability of anyspecific failure mode.5. Interferences5.1 When classifying the failure modes of FRP adhesivelybonded joints, it is e
27、ssential that the analysis be conducted onspecimens tested by only one test method. There is noguarantee that the failure modes of FRP adhesively bondedjoints will be the same when tested by different test methods.6. Test Specimens6.1 Prepare test specimens in accordance with the specifiedtest metho
28、d to be used in evaluating the adhesively bondedFRP joint. (Refer to 2.1.)7. Procedure7.1 Condition and test specimens as specified in the selectedtest method.7.2 Classify the failure mode for each specimen by using thephotographic standards shown in Figs. 2 through 11.7.2.1 For examples exhibiting
29、more than one failure mode,determine the percentages of each. (See Fig. 7, Fig. 8, and Fig.9.)7.2.2 For increased accuracy, use a grid drawn on a clearfilm placed over failure surface. Count squares of each type offailure mode and calculate percentage.NOTE 3For photographs in the adjunct, percentage
30、s were calculatedusinga5by5square grid, resulting in the accuracy of 64%.FIG. 1 Sketches Representing Failure ModesD 5573 99 (2005)28. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 Test method used, and8.1.2 Failure Mode ClassificationThis should includepercentages when more than one failure mode
31、 occurs.NOTE 4Include all pertinent data in accordance with the test methodused.9. Precision and Bias9.1 This practice yields essentially qualitative comparisondata to classify failure modes of bonded assemblies. Precision,as normally expressed for quantitative measurement test meth-ods is not direc
32、tly applicable.10. Keywords10.1 adhesive bond; failure mode; fiber-reinforced plastic;FRP; practiceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that deter
33、mination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or
34、withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that
35、 your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5573 99 (2005)3
