1、Designation: D5573 99 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forClassifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP)Joints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5573; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying,identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhe
3、sivelybonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used indeveloping this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-moldingcompound, or SMC.1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehen-sive definitions of possible fa
4、ilure modes to serve as a guide forcontracts, drawings, product specifications, and product perfor-mance.NOTE 1Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are containedin the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.2Fig. 2Side-by Side Comparison of Failure ModesFig. 3Adhesive FailureFi
5、g. 4Cohesive FailureFig. 5Thin-Layer Cohesive FailureFig. 6Fiber-Tear FailureFig. 7Light-Fiber-Tear FailureFig. 8Stock-Break FailureFig. 9Mixed Failure40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear FiberFig. 10Mixed Failure32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-TearFailureFig. 11Mixed Failure20 % Adhesiv
6、e Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear FailureNOTE 2This practice may be used to describe the failure modesgenerated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D3163,D3164, D3165, D3807, D5041, D5868, and SAE J1525.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as t
7、hestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. R
8、eferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D907 Terminology of AdhesivesD3163 Test Method for Determining Strength of AdhesivelyBonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Ten-sion LoadingD3164 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesivelyBonded Plastic Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear byTen
9、sion LoadingD3165 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives inShear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint LaminatedAssembliesD3807 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives inCleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-to-Engineering Plastics)D5041 Test Method for Fracture
10、Strength in Cleavage ofAdhesives in Bonded JointsD5868 Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for FiberReinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J1525 SAE Recommended PracticeLap Shear Testfor Automotive-Type Adhesives for Fiber ReinforcedPlastic (FRP) Bonding42.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Color Photogra
11、phs of Failure Modes23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions may not appear outside of this practiceunless the following delimiting phrase is included: “relating totesting FRP bonded joints and ASTM Practice D5573.”3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 failure-mode classif
12、ication, nrelating to testing FRPbonded joints, a classification that includes the seven classes offailure modes identified here: (1) adhesive failure, (2) cohesivefailure, (3) thin-layer cohesive failure, (4) fiber-tear failure, (5)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on A
13、dhesivesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.40 on Adhesives for Plastics.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5573 99 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D5573-99R12.2Available from ASTM International H
14、eadquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD5573. Original adjunct produced in 1993.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
15、ASTM website.4Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/aerospace.sae.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1light-fiber-tear failure, (6) stock-break failure, and (7) m
16、ixedfailure (see 3.2.1.2 through 3.2.1.10).3.2.1.1 DiscussionFailure of a tested specimen is seldomconfined to a single mode, but rather is a combination of twoor more of the first six modes, such combination designated asmixed failure. Whenever possible, mixed failure should alwaysbe reported citin
17、g the class of failure present and the percent ofeach class.3.2.1.2 adhesive failure, ADH (or A), nrupture of theadhesively bonded joint, such that the separation appears to beat the adhesive-adherend interface. (Sometimes referred to asinterfacial failure.) (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3.)3.2.1.3
18、DiscussionAfter failure, the FRP and adhesivesurfaces may have a shiny appearance and there is no evidencethat any adhesive or FRP, or both, have transferred to the othersurface.3.2.1.4 cohesive failure, COH (or C), nrupture of anadhesively bonded joint, such that the separation is within theadhesiv
19、e. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 4.)3.2.1.5 DiscussionThis term has also been used to de-scribe a failure within the FRP substrate. This usage is beingdiscouraged.3.2.1.6 thin-layer cohesive failure, TLC, nfailure similarto cohesive failure, except that the failure is very close to theadhesive-subst
20、rate interface, characterized by a “light dusting”of adhesive on one substrate surface and a thick layer ofadhesive left on the other. (Sometimes referred to as interphasefailure.) (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 5.)3.2.1.7 fiber-tear failure, FT, nin an adhesively bondedjoint, failure occurring exclu
21、sively within the FRP matrix,characterized by the appearance of reinforcing fibers on bothruptured surfaces. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 6.)3.2.1.8 interphase failure, nsee thin-layer cohesive fail-ure.3.2.1.9 interfacial failure, nSee adhesive failure.3.2.1.10 light-fiber-tear failure, LFT, nfail
22、ure occurringwithin the FRP substrate, near the surface, characterized by athin layer of the FRP resin matrix visible on the adhesive, withfew or no glass fibers transferred from the substrate to theadhesive. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 7.)3.2.1.11 stock-break failure, SB, na break of the FRPsubst
23、rate outside the adhesively bonded-joint region, oftenoccurring near it. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 8.)3.2.1.12 mixed failure, nany combination of two or moreof the six classes of failure mode defined in 3.2.1.2, 3.2.1.4,3.2.1.6, 3.2.1.7, 3.2.1.10, and 3.2.1.11. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig.9, Fig. 1
24、0, and Fig. 11.)3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ADH (or A)adhesive failure.3.3.2 COH (or C)cohesive failure.3.3.3 TLCthin-layer cohesive failure.3.3.4 FRPfiber-reinforced plastic.3.3.5 FTfiber-tear failure.3.3.6 LFTlight-fiber-tear failure.3.3.7 SBstock-break failure.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice
25、 provides a simple means of classifyingfailure modes for adhesively bonded FRP joints.4.2 Each failure mode classification is based solely on avisual observation of the failure surface without the aid of amicroscope or other means to magnify the surface.4.3 Except for the line-drawing representation
26、s given, thispractice does not contain descriptions of failure modes possiblewhen using adhesion promoters. However, similar analogies tothe failure modes described herein can be made.4.4 This practice does not address the acceptability of anyspecific failure mode.5. Interferences5.1 When classifyin
27、g the failure modes of FRP adhesivelybonded joints, it is essential that the analysis be conducted onspecimens tested by only one test method. There is noguarantee that the failure modes of FRP adhesively bondedjoints will be the same when tested by different test methods.6. Test Specimens6.1 Prepar
28、e test specimens in accordance with the specifiedtest method to be used in evaluating the adhesively bondedFRP joint. (Refer to 2.1.)7. Procedure7.1 Condition and test specimens as specified in the selectedtest method.7.2 Classify the failure mode for each specimen by using thephotographic standards
29、 shown in Figs. 2 through 11.7.2.1 For examples exhibiting more than one failure mode,determine the percentages of each. (See Fig. 7, Fig. 8, and Fig.9.)7.2.2 For increased accuracy, use a grid drawn on a clearfilm placed over failure surface. Count squares of each type offailure mode and calculate
30、percentage.FIG. 1 Sketches Representing Failure ModesD5573 99 (2012)2NOTE 3For photographs in the adjunct, percentages were calculatedusinga5by5square grid, resulting in the accuracy of 64%.8. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 Test method used, and8.1.2 Failure Mode ClassificationThis
31、 should include per-centages when more than one failure mode occurs.NOTE 4Include all pertinent data in accordance with the test methodused.9. Precision and Bias9.1 This practice yields essentially qualitative comparisondata to classify failure modes of bonded assemblies. Precision,as normally expre
32、ssed for quantitative measurement test meth-ods is not directly applicable.10. Keywords10.1 adhesive bond; failure mode; fiber-reinforced plastic;FRP; practiceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this stand
33、ard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be review
34、ed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible
35、 technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
36、hohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D5573 99 (2012)3
