1、Designation: D 5617 04Standard Test Method forMulti-Axial Tension Test for Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5617; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the out-of-plane response of geosynthetics to a force that is appliedperpendicular to the initia
3、l plane of the sample.1.2 When the geosynthetic deforms to a prescribed geomet-ric shape (arc of a sphere or ellipsoid) formulations areprovided to convert the test data to biaxial tensile stress-strainvalues. These formulations cannot be used for other geometricshapes. With other geometric shapes,
4、comparative data ondeformation versus pressure is obtained.1.3 This test method is more commonly used to testgeomembranes. Permeable materials may also be tested inconjunction with an impermeable material.1.4 This test method requires a large diameter pressurevessel (600 mm). Information obtained fr
5、om this test methodmay be more appropriate for design purposes than many smallscale index tests such as Test Method D 6693 or Test MethodD 7003.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard doe
6、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stan
7、dards:2D 4439 Terminology for GeotextilesD 6693 Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties ofNonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced FlexiblePolypropylene GeomembranesD 7003 Test Method for Strip Tensile Properties of Rein-forced Geomembranes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic,
8、 na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system.3.1.2 multi-axial tension, nstress in more than one direc-tion.3.1.3 For definitions of other terms u
9、sed in this test method,refer to Terminology D 4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A pre-cut geosynthetic sample is secured at the edges ofa large diameter (600 mm) pressure vessel. Pressure is appliedto the sample to cause out-of-plane deformation and failure.This deformation with pressure informatio
10、n can then beanalyzed to evaluate various materials.5. Significance and Use5.1 Installed geosynthetics are subjected to forces frommore than one direction including forces perpendicular to thesurfaces of the geosynthetic. Out of plane deformation of ageosynthetic may be useful in evaluating material
11、s for capswhere subsidence of the subsoil may be problematic.5.2 Failure mechanisms on this test may be different com-pared to other relatively small scale index tests and may bebeneficial for design purposes.5.3 In applications where local subsidence is expected, thistest can be considered a perfor
12、mance test.NOTE 1Although, this test specifies a vessel size of 600 mm, largerdiameter vessels will better approximate field performance. However, theuser is cautioned that different size vessels may yield different results andhence may not be comparable.5.4 For applications where geosynthetics cann
13、ot be de-formed in the fashion this test method prescribes, this testmethod should be considered an index test.5.5 Due to the time involved to perform this test method, itis not considered practical as a quality control test.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynt
14、hetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D561799e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Fig. 1 sho
16、ws an example of the test apparatus that can beused in the performance of this test method. The apparatusrequires a pressure vessel rated to a minimum of 690 kPa (100psi). The vessel diameter should be 600 mm3. Other sizevessels may be used but it is up to the user to establishcorrelation to the sta
17、ndard size vessel.6.2 If the vessel has a deflection chamber it should notinhibit the geosynthetic from freely deflecting during the test.The deflection chamber shall be vented.6.2.1 Some materials will expand laterally beyond thediameter of the pressure vessel and may contact the sides of thedeflec
18、tion chamber. In these cases, the test is no longer validand a different device must be used. Devices without deflectionchambers have worked well in these situations.6.3 The vessel will have a system to measure pressure andthe magnitude of central deflection.6.3.1 The system for measuring deflection
19、 shall be capableof being read to an accuracy of 5 mm.6.3.2 The system for measuring pressure shall be capable ofbeing read to an accuracy of 3.5 kPa.6.4 All test shall be conducted at standard laboratory tem-peratures of 23 6 2C.7. Test Specimen7.1 Do not use test specimens with defects or any othe
20、rabnormalities, unless this is the item of interest.7.2 Cut the test specimen larger than the area of the mainsealing force of the vessel.7.3 If a permeable material such as a geotextile is beingtested, an impermeable material such as a geomembrane or thinplastic sheet has to overlay the permeable m
21、aterial to maintainthe pressure in the vessel during the test.7.3.1 When testing permeable materials, the impermeablematerial shall be more elastic than the permeable material(unless the combination of the two materials is the desired testvariable). This is required so that the permeable material fa
22、ilsfirst.7.3.2 Test results on permeable materials will be affected bythe impermeable material used in the test.7.4 Test three replicate specimens on each sample unlessotherwise noted.8. Procedure8.1 Cut the test specimen to the requirements of the testvessel to ensure a good seal. Place specimen ac
23、ross the openingof the vessel. Be sure the specimen is not sagging.8.2 Be sure the specimen remains flat while the edge of thespecimen is being securely clamped into place.8.3 Either air or water can be used to pressureize the vessel.If a water system is used, introduce water into the vessel untilit
24、 is completely filled.8.4 Add water or air into the system so as to control the rateof centerpoint deflection at 20 mm/min in a continuous fashion.8.4.1 Stepwise increments of center point deflection are notallowed.8.5 Record the amount of centerpoint deflection and pres-sure at least every 10 s.8.6
25、 Continue with the test by maintaining a constant rate ofcenterpoint deflection at the specified rate until the specimenhas ruptured (as noted by a sudden loss in pressure) or untilsome predetermined end point has been reached.NOTE 2The user is cautioned that the sudden release of pressure atrupture
26、 could potentially be dangerous and cause either personal injury ordamage to the surroundings.8.7 Repeat the above with two additional specimens fromthe same sample.NOTE 3If the specimen has deformed in a fashion so that the surfaceof the specimen approximates an arc of a sphere or an ellipsoid,stre
27、es-strain calculations are provided in the appendix.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Sample identification,9.1.2 Size of vessel used (inside diameter), if other thanstandard,9.1.3 Conditions under which the test was performed, ifother than standard,9.1.3.1 For permeable membranes,
28、 identify the imperme-able material used during the test including the thickness.NOTE 4The impermeable material may have a significant impact onthe data and must be considered when reviewing stress-strain results.9.1.4 Description of the failure and the shape of the speci-men after failure.9.1.5 Plo
29、t the full pressure-deflection or stress-strain curvesfor all specimens.9.1.6 Average and individual specimen results for gauge,pressure at rupture and centerpoint deflection at rupture. Reportstress and strain at rupture if calculations were made.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to
30、 the committee at this timeis BT Technology. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.FIG. 1 Multi-Axial Burst ApparatusD
31、561704210. Precision and Bias10.1 The precision and bias of this test method have not yetbeen established.11. Keywords11.1 deformation; geosynthetics; multi-axialAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE FAILURESX1.1 Materials will generally fail in a given manner thatcan be desc
32、ribed by the following categories:X1.2 Failure Location:X1.2.1 Edge Tear (ET) Failure adjacent to the clampingring. May not represent the performance of the sample mate-rial.X1.2.2 Non-edge Failure (N-EF)A rupture sufficiently farenough away from the edge of the device to assume that thedevice did n
33、ot lead to the failure. The data is representative ofthe sample material.X1.3 Failure Shape:X1.3.1 Machine Direction Tear (MD-T)A tear in themachine direction.X1.3.2 Transverse Direction Tear (TD-T)A tear in thetransverse direction.X1.3.3 Multi-Directional Tear (XD-T)A tear for severaltears that do
34、not follow any single direction.X1.3.4 HoleCircular or elliptical hole in the specimen.Material may or may not have thinned over a broad region.X1.3.5 Hole in Cat Eye (H-Cat)Circular or elliptical holein an area where the material has significantly necked downand thinned. The large thinned area rese
35、mbles a pupil of a cateye.X2. STRESS-STRAIN CALCULATIONS FOR DEFINED SHAPES (ARC OF A SPHERE OR ELLIPSOID)X2.1 Strain CalcualtionsX2.1.1 :For d L/2, one must use the calculations of EqX2.4-X2.7 and 11 up to d = L/2, and then use Eq X2.7 and X2.8 and 12from d L/2 until failure.X2.1.3 For non-defined
36、geometric shapes no calculationsare necessary.D5617044ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent r
37、ights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either f
38、or revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair heari
39、ng you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D5617045
