1、Designation: D 5878 05Standard Guides forUsing Rock-Mass Classification Systems for EngineeringPurposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard offers the selection of a suitable system ofclassification of rock mass for specific engineering purposes,suc
3、h as tunneling and shaft-sinking, excavation of rock cham-bers, ground support, modification and stabilization of rockslopes, and preparation of foundations and abutments. Theseclassification systems may also be of use in work on rippabilityof rock, quality of construction materials, and erosion res
4、is-tance. Although widely used classification systems are treatedin this standard, systems not included here may be moreappropriate in some situations, and may be added to subse-quent editions of this standard.1.2 The valid, effective use of this standard is contingentupon the prior complete definit
5、ion of the engineering purposesto be served and on the complete and competent definition ofthe geology and hydrology of the engineering site. Further, theperson or persons using this standard must have had fieldexperience in studying rock-mass behavior. An appropriatereference for geological mapping
6、 in the underground is pro-vided by Guide D 4879.1.3 This standard identifies the essential characteristics ofseven classification systems. It does not include detailedguidance for application to all engineering purposes for whicha particular system might be validly used. Detailed descriptionsof the
7、 first five systems are presented in STP 984 (1),2withabundant references to source literature. Details of two otherclassification systems and a listing of seven Japanese systemsare also presented.1.4 The range of applications of each of the systems hasgrown since its inception. This standard summar
8、izes the majorfields of application up to this time of each of the sevenclassification systems.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pr
9、actices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This standard offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education oreexperience and should be used in conjun
10、ction with professionaljudgement. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicablein all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without con
11、sideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3740 Practice for M
12、inimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4879 Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-ground Openings in RockD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6032 Test Method for
13、Determining Rock Quality Desig-nation (RQD) of Rock CoreD 7012 Test Method for Compressive Strength and ElasticModuli of Intact Rock Core Specimens Under VaryingStates of Stress and Temperatures3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 classification, na systematic arrangement or divi-sion of materials, p
14、roducts, systems, or services into groupsbased on similar characteristics such as origin, composition,properties, or use (Regulations Governing ASTM TechnicalCommittees).41This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D
15、18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published February 2005. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5878 00.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit
16、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho-hocken, PA 19428.1*A Summary
17、 of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 rock mass (in situ rock), nrock as it occurs in situ,including both the rock material and its structural discontinui-ties (M
18、odified after Terminology D 653 ISRM).3.1.2.1 DiscussionRock mass also includes at least someof the earth materials in mixed-ground and soft-ground condi-tions.3.1.3 rock material (intact rock, rock substance, rock ele-ment), nrock without structural discontinuities; rock onwhich standardized labora
19、tory property tests are run.3.1.4 structural discontinuity (discontinuity), nan inter-ruption or abrupt change in a rocks structural properties, suchas strength, stiffness, or density, usually occurring acrossinternal surfaces or zones, such as bedding, parting, cracks,joints, faults, or cleavage.NO
20、TE 1To some extent, 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.4 are scale-related. Arocks microfractures might be structural discontinuities to a petrologist,but to a field geologist the same rock could be considered intact. Similarly,the localized occurrence of jointed rock (rock mass) could be inconse-quential in reg
21、ional analysis.3.1.5 For the definition of other terms that appear in thisstandard, refer to STP 984, Guide D 4879, and TerminologyD 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 classification system, na group or hierarchy ofclassifications used in combination for a designated purpos
22、e,such as evaluating or rating a property or other characteristic ofa rock mass.4. Significance and Use4.1 The classification systems included in this standard andtheir respective applications are as follows:4.1.1 Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) or GeomechanicsClassificationThis system has been applie
23、d to tunneling,hard-rock mining, coal mining, stability of rock slopes, rockfoundations, borability, rippability, dredgability, weatherability,and rock bolting.4.1.2 Rock Structure Rating System (RSR)This system hasbeen used in tunnel support and excavation and in other groundsupport work in mining
24、and construction.4.1.3 The Q System or Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteSystem (NGI)This system has been applied to work ontunnels and chambers, rippability, excavatability, hydraulicerodibility, and seismic stability of roof-rock.4.1.4 The Unified Rock Classification System (URCS)This system has bee
25、n applied to work on foundations, methodsof excavation, slope stability, uses of earth materials, blastingcharacteristics of earth materials, and transmission of groundwater.4.1.5 The Rock Material Field Classification System(RMFCS)This system has been used mainly for applicationsinvolving shallow e
26、xcavation, particularly with regard tohydraulic erodibility in earth spillways, excavatability, con-struction quality of rock, fluid transmission, and rock-massstability (11).4.1.6 The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)Thissystem is used for both conventional (cyclical, such as drill-and-blast) an
27、d continuous (tunnel-boring machine or TBM)tunneling. This is a tunneling procedure in which design isextended into the construction phase by continued monitoringof rock displacement. Support requirements are revised toachieve stability (6).NOTE 2The Austrian code (7) specifies methods of payment ba
28、sed oncoding of excavation volume and means of support.4.1.7 The Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR)This systemapplies to bedded coal-measure rocks, in particular with regardto their structural competence as influenced by discontinuitiesin the rock mass. The basic building blocks of CMRR are unitratings. T
29、he units are rock intervals defined by their geotech-nical properties, and are at least 0.15 m (6 in.) thick. The unitratings are combined into roof ratings, using additional geo-technical characteristics (8).4.1.8 Japanese Rock Mass Classification SystemsTheJapanese Society of Engineering Geology h
30、as recognizedseven major classification systems in use in Japan (9). Theseare summarized in 4.1.8.1-4.1.8.7, without additional details inthis guide.4.1.8.1 Rock-Mass Classification for Railway Tunnels byRailway Technical Research InstituteRock-masses are clas-sified based on the values of P-wave ve
31、locity, unconfinedcompressive strength and unit weight. Support patterns fortunnels, such as shotcreting and rock bolting, is recommendeddepending upon the rock-mass classification obtained.4.1.8.2 Rock-Mass Classification for Tunnels and Slopes byJapan Highway Public CorporationThis system classifi
32、esthe rock-mass using RQD, P-wave velocity, unconfined com-pressive strength and unit weight.4.1.8.3 Rock-Mass Classification for Dam Foundations byPublic Works Research Institute, Ministry of ConstructionInthis system, the rock-masses are classified by observing spac-ing of joints, conditions of jo
33、ints and strength of rock pieces.4.1.8.4 Rock-Mass Classification for Water Tunnel Designby The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesTherock-mass is classified into four categories based on values ofP-wave velocity, compressive strength and Poisson ratio aswell as rock type.4.1.8.5 Rock-Ma
34、ss Classification by Central Research Insti-tute of Electric Power IndustryThis system classifies rock-mass based on rock type and weathering characteristics.4.1.8.6 Rock-Mass Classification by Electric-Power Devel-opment CompanyThis system is somewhat similar to thesystem developed by the Central R
35、esearch Institute of ElectricPower Industry (see 4.1.8.5). The three factors used forclassifying rock-mass are weathering, hardness and joint spac-ing.4.1.8.7 Rock-Mass Classification for Weathered Granite forBridge Foundation by Honshu-Shikoku Bridge AuthorityThis system uses results of visual obse
36、rvations of rock-mass insitu, geophysical logging, laboratory tests on rock samples,pressuremeter tests or other forms of in-situ tests or a combi-nation thereof, to estimate strength and stiffness.4.2 Other classification systems are described in detail in thegeneral references listed in the append
37、ix.4.3 Using this standard, the classifier should be able todecide which system appears to be most appropriate for thespecified engineering purpose at hand. The next step should bethe study of the source literature on the selected classificationD5878052system and on case histories documenting the ap
38、plication ofthat system to real-world situations and the degree of successof each such application. Appropriate but by no means exhaus-tive references for this purpose are provided in the appendixand in STP 984 (1). The classifier should realize that taking thestep of consulting the source literatur
39、e might lead to abandon-ment of the initially selected classification system and selectionof another system, to be followed again by study of theappropriate source literature.NOTE 3The quality of the results produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and
40、thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensurereli
41、able results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Practice D 3740provides a means for evaluating some of these factors.5. Basis for Classification5.1 The parameters used in each classification system fol-low. In general, the terminology used by the respective authoror authors of each system is
42、listed, to facilitate reference toSTP 984 (1) or source documents.5.1.1 Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) or GeomechanicsClassificationUniaxial compressive strength (see D 7012, Method C)Rock quality designation (RQD) (see D 6032)Spacing of discontinuitiesCondition of discontinuitiesGround water conditi
43、onsOrientation of discontinuities5.1.2 Rock Structure Rating System (RSR)Rock type plus rock strengthGeologic structureSpacing of jointsOrientation of jointsWeathering of jointsGround water inflow5.1.3 Q-System or Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI)SystemRock quality designation (RQD) (see D 6032
44、)Number of joint setsJoint roughnessJoint alterationJoint water-reduction factorStress-reduction factor5.1.4 Unified Rock Classification System (URCS)Degree of weatheringUniaxial compressive strength (see D 7012, Method C)DiscontinuitiesUnit weight5.1.5 Rock Material Field Classification System (RMF
45、CS)Rock Material PropertiesPrincipal rock typeMineralogyPrimary porosity, voidsDiscrete rock particle sizeHardnessUnconfined composite strength (see D 7012, Method C)Unit weightColorRock Mass PropertiesDiscontinuity typeJoint set spacingJoint persistenceApertureJoint count numberJoint wall roughness
46、Joint infillingType of large geomorphic or structural featureSeismic velocityRock quality designation (RQD) (see D 6032)Geohydraulic PropertiesPrimary porositySecondary porosityHydraulic conductivityTransmissivityStorativityWater table/potentiometric surfaceAquifier type5.1.6 New Austrian Tunneling
47、Method (NATM)A:1.Stable2.OverbreakingB:1.Friable2.Very friable3.Rolling/runningC:1.Rock bursting2.Squeezing3.Heavily squeezing4.Flowing5.Swelling5.1.7 Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR)Unit RatingsShear strength of discontinuitiesCohesionRoughnessIntensity of discontinuitiesSpacingPersistenceNumber of dis
48、continuity setsCompressive strengthMoisture sensitivityRoof RatingsStrong bed adjustmentUnit contact adjustmentGroundwater adjustmentSurcharge adjustment5.2 Comparison of parameters among these systems indi-cates some strong similarities. It is not surprising, therefore,that paired correlations have
49、 been established between RMR,RSR, and Q (2). Some of the references in the appendix alsopresent procedures for estimating some in situ engineeringproperties from one or more of these indexes (2, 3, 4, and 5).NOTE 4Reference (2) presents step-by-step procedures for calculatingand applying RSR, RMR, and Q values. Applications of the first fivesystems are discussed in STP 984 (1), as is a detailed treatment of RQD.D58780536. Procedures for Determining Parameters6.1 The annex of this standard contains tabled and othermaterial for determining the parameters
