1、Designation: D 6235 04Standard Practice forExpedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and GroundWater Contamination at Hazardous Waste ContaminatedSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6235; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Applicability of the ECS ProcessThis practice coversa process for exped
3、ited site characterization (ESC) of hazard-ous waste contaminated sites2to identify vadose zone, groundwater and other relevant contaminant migration pathways anddetermine the distribution, concentration, and fate of contami-nants for the purpose of providing an ESC client, regulatoryauthority, and
4、stakeholders with the necessary information tochoose a course of action.3Generally, the process is applicableto larger-scale projects, such as CERCLA (Superfund) reme-dial investigations and RCRA facility investigations.4Whenused as part of the Superfund response process, this Practiceshould be used
5、 in conjunction with U.S. EPAs guidancedocument titled Using Dynamic Field Activities for On-SiteDecision Making: A Guide for Project Managers (37). TheESC process is also applicable to other contaminated siteswhere the ESC process can be reasonably expected to reducethe time and cost of site charac
6、terization compared to alterna-tive approaches. The ESC process has been applied success-fully at a variety of sites in different states and EPA regions.(See Table X1.1). It typically achieves significant cost andschedule savings compared to traditional site characterization.(See X1.2 and X1.3)5.1.2
7、 Features of the ESC ProcessThe ESC process oper-ates within the framework of existing regulatory programs. Itfocuses on collecting only the information required to meetcharacterization objectives and on ensuring that characteriza-tion ceases as soon as the objectives are met. Central to theESC proc
8、ess is the use of judgement-based sampling andmeasurement to characterize vadose zone and ground watercontamination in a limited number of field mobilizations by anintegrated multidisciplinary team, led by a technical leader andoperating within the framework of a dynamic work plan thatgives him or h
9、er the flexibility of responsibility to select thetype and location of measurements needed to optimize datacollection activities. Table 1 identifies other essential featuresof the ESC process, and Fig. 1 presents a flow diagram for theentire ESC process.1.3 Investigation MethodsThe process described
10、 in thispractice is based on good scientific practice but is not tied toany particular regulatory program, site investigation method ortechnique, chemical analysis method, statistical analysismethod, risk analysis method, or computer modeling code.Appropriate investigation techniques in an ESC proje
11、ct arehighly site specific and are selected and modified based uponthe professional judgement of the core technical team (inparticular the technical team leader). Whenever feasible, non-invasive and minimally invasive methods are used, as dis-cussed in Appendix X3. Appropriate chemical analysis meth
12、-ods are equally site specific. Analyses may be conducted in thefield or laboratory, depending on data quality requirements,required turnaround time, and costs.1.4 Sites Generally Not Appropriate for the ESC ProcessGenerally, the ESC process is not applicable to: small petro-leum release sites, real
13、 estate property transactions that requireno more than a Phase I ESA, sites where contamination islimited to the near surface or there is no basis for suspectingthat contaminant movement through the vadose zone andground water is a matter of concern, sites where the cost ofremedial action is likely
14、to be less than the cost of site1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface andSubsurface Characterization.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originallyapproved in 1998.
15、 Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D6235 98a.2The term hazardous waste in the title is used descriptively. The term also hasspecific meanings in the context of different regulatory programs. Expedited sitecharacterization is also appropriate for radiologically contaminated sites and somelarg
16、er petroleum release sites, such as refineries. Section 4.2 further identifies typesof contaminated sites where ESC may be appropriate. See Appendix X1 foradditional background on the ESC process.3The text of this practice emphasizes vadose zone and ground water contami-nation because these contamin
17、ant migration pathways are the most difficult tocharacterize. An ESC project should also address all other relevant contaminantmigration pathways, such as air, surface water, submerged sediments, and biota.4A CERCLA preliminary assessment/site inspections (PA/SI) or a RCRA facilityassessment (RFA) i
18、s generally required to provide information supporting a decisionto initiate the ESC process. (See Appendix X2).5This practice uses the term “traditional” site characterization to refer to theapproach that has typically been used for characterizing contaminated sites atCERLA and RCRA sites during th
19、e 1980s and early 1990s.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.characterization, or sites where existing statutes or regulationsprohibit the use of essential features of the ESC process.61.5 Other Potentially Applicable ASTM
20、 Standards for SiteCharacterizationGuide E 1912 addresses accelerated sitecharacterization (ASC) for petroleum release sites, and GuideE 1739 addresses use of the risk-based corrective action(RBCA) process at petroleum release sites. Section X1.5.1describes the ASC process, and X1.5.2 discusses the
21、relation-ship between ESC and the RBCA process. Practices E 1527and E 1528 and Guide E 1903 address real estate propertytransactions, and X1.5.3 discusses the relationship between theESC process and investigations for real estate property trans-actions. Classification D 5746 addresses environmental
22、condi-tions of property area types for Department of Defenseinstallations, and Practice D 6608 provides guidance on con-ducting environmental baseline surveys to determine certainelements of the environmental condition of federal real prop-erty.1.6 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units a
23、re tobe regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.1.7 This practice offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and shou
24、ld be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable inall circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be
25、applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
26、It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:7D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 5717 Guide for
27、the Design of Ground-Water MonitoringSystems in Karst and Fractured-Rock AquifersD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing ShortTerm Measures or Early Actions for Site Reme
28、diationD 5746 Classification of Environmental Conditions of6The ASTM knows of no federal or state statutes or regulations that wouldprohibit use of the ESC process. Some elements of the ESC process may not beentirely consistent with existing federal and state guidance documents, andregulatory author
29、ities are encouraged make appropriate exceptions.7For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Mini
30、mum Criteria for a Project Using ASTM Expedited Site Characterization ProcessNOTEOther site characterization approaches may include many of the below elements, but all must be present for an investigation using the ASTMESC process.1. A technical team leader oversees the ESC project and leads the ESC
31、 core technical team. See Fig. 2, step 1.a in Fig. 3, 6.2 and 7.1.1.2. Project objectives, data quality requirements, and performance criteria are defined by some process that includes ESC client, regulatory authority, and stake-holders. See Step 1b in Fig. 3 and 6.3.3. The technical team leader and
32、 an integrated multidisciplinary core technical team with expertise in geologic, hydrologic, and chemical systems work together,as areas of expertise are needed, in the field and throughout the process. See Fig. 2, Step 2 in Fig. 3, and 7.1.4. Intensive compilation, quality evaluation, and independe
33、nt analysis and interpretation of prior data are used to develop a preliminary site model. See Step 3a inFig. 3 and 8.1-8.55. Dynamic work plan, approved by ESC client and regulatory authority, provides framework for use of multiple complementary, site-appropriate geologic and hy-drologic investigat
34、ion methods, along with rapid site appropriate methods for containment analysis. See Step 4 in Fig. 3, 8.6, 9.2.4, and Appendix X3.6. ESC project is based primarily on judgement-based sampling and measurements to test and improve the concepts and details of the evolving site model. SeeSteps 5 and 6
35、in Fig. 3, 3.1.16, 6.3.1, and X1.4.4.1.7. Quality control procedures are applied to all aspects of ESC data collection and handling, including field work for geologic and hydrologic characterization. SeeSteps 5 and 6 in Fig. 3, 9.2.6, 10.1.2, and Appendix X4 and Appendix X5.8. Field data collection
36、is initially focused on geologic and hydrologic characterization of vadose zone, ground water and other relevant contaminant migrationpathways (and on identifying contaminants of concern, if they are not already known), followed by delineating the distribution, concentration, and fate of contami-nan
37、ts, based on knowledge of the relevant contaminant migration pathways. This effort typically requires no more than two field mobilizations. See Steps 5a and 6ain Fig. 3 and Sections 10 and 11.9. Field data are integrated, analyzed, and interpreted daily to refine the evolving site model and are used
38、 to optimize the type and location of subsequent fielddata collection until project objectives have been met. See Steps 5b and 6b in Fig. 3 and 10.1.3.10. Final site model provides ESC client, regulatory authority, and stakeholders with the information required to choose a course of action based on
39、risk analysisof regulatory standards-based cleanup criteria. See Section 12.D6235042FIG.1OverviewoftheExpeditedSiteCharacterizationProcessD6235043Property Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Re-alignment FacilitiesD 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Ac
40、tivities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 5979 Guide for Conceptualization and Characterizationof Ground-Water Flow SystemsD 6008 Practice for Conducting Environmental BaselineSurveysD 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-ment of Waste and Contaminated MediaE 1527 Practice for En
41、vironmental Site Assessments: Phase1 Site Assessment ProcessE 1528 Practice for Environmental Site Assessment: Trans-action Screen ProcessE 1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE 1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied atPetroleum Release SitesE 1903 Guid
42、e for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IIEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE 1912 Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization forConfirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Thefollowing terms are specific to this practice, unless
43、 otherwiseindicated. Because much of the terminology is specific to thispractice, this section should be read carefully. Other terms arein accordance with other ASTM standards as specified.3.1.1 contaminants of concern (COCs)specific constitu-ents that are identified for evaluation in the site chara
44、cterizationprocess.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIdentification of COCs from a largerlist of suspected contaminants, including possible degradationproducts, usually takes place as a separate effort before an ESCproject begins, but it can also be integrated into an ESC project.Deletions or additions to the list
45、of COCs may occur during anESC project, as appropriate, with approval by the ESC clientand regulatory authority. This definition is the same as forchemical(s) of concern used in Guide E 1912, except that“contaminants of concern” is the more common usage inhazardous waste site investigations.3.1.2 Dy
46、namic field activitya project that combines rapidon-site data generation with on-site decision making and isinitiated through a process that includes systematic planningand development of a dynamic work plan (Adapted from U.S.EPA (37).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis practice focuses on dynamic fieldactivitie
47、s as they relate to site characterization3.1.3 dynamic work plana site characterization work planincluding a technical program that identifies the suite of fieldinvestigation methods and measurements that may be neces-sary to characterize a specific site, with the actual methodsused and the location
48、s of measurements and sampling pointsbased on on-site technical decision making.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dynamic work plan, which mustbe approved by the ESC client and regulatory authority,provides a clearly defined framework (including geographicarea, maximum depth (where appropriate), standard operat
49、ingprocedures for specific methods) within which the ESC tech-nical team leader, supported by the appropriate technical coreteam members, has flexibility and responsibility to select thetypes and locations of measurements to optimize data collec-tion activities. In contrast, a traditional site characterizationwork plan typically contains prescribed numbers and locationsfor field measurements, samples, and monitoring wells. (SeeSection 9).3.1.4 environmental receptorhumans or other living or-ganisms potentially exposed to and adversely affected bycontaminants because t
