1、Designation: D6804 02 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Guide forHand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cutapertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxesduring manual handlin
3、g of boxed cargo.1.2 LimitationsThis standard offers guidance for packagedevelopment and for subsequent testing of boxes to measureperformance. It is not intended to provide specific informationon the design of hand holes.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. T
4、he SI units are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory req
5、uirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product3D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Rein-forcing Fi
6、berboard BoxesD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers byFree FallE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision,
7、 the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hand holesapertures, pre-cut in corrugated boxes bybox manufacturer
8、s, as requested by box purchasers. Theseapertures facilitate manual handling during distribution andimprove grip during handling.4. Significance and Use4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes incorrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solveergonomic and handling problems
9、associated with large orawkward containers. This guide provides an aid for properhand hole design and use.4.2 Ergonomics:4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, ofprimary concern is the need to provide a safe work environ-ment for material handlers who may be required to lift ortranspor
10、t packages. A safe work environment is difficult todefine and varies with the package in question. Severalergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spineloading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger andfoot protection.4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back d
11、isor-ders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low backproblems continue to represent the most common and costlymusculoskeletal disorders in the work place.44.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance oflift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the materialhandlers hands
12、closer to the body. With large or awkwardboxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position cansolve this problem.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and PaperboardProducts.Current edition appr
13、oved Aug. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6804 02 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D6804-02R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
14、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4“Effects of Box Features on Spine Loading during Warehouse Order Selecting,”Marras, Granata, Davis, Allread, a
15、nd Jorgensen, The Institute for Ergonomics, OhioState University.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 NIOSH:4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide forM
16、anual Lifting.5This document may be of assistance indeveloping proper hand holes and their placement for a specificpackage.4.4 Improper Use of Hand Holes:4.4.1 Because of past lawsuits involving the use and misuseof hand holes, the corrugated box industry prefers the termaccess hole instead of hand
17、hole on specifications. Thisterminology may have to be agreed upon between supplier anduser.Fig. 14.4.2 Since all end use conditions and requirements cannotbe foreseen and since designing for worst case scenario for allapplications is prohibitively expensive, designers should fol-low best practices.
18、 The prudent designer will consider productand package weight when deciding the proper use of a handhole.5. General Design Considerations5.1 Hand holes can take many forms (see Fig. 1). They can:5.1.1 Be a simple hole in a box,5NIOSH Technical Report No. 81-122 from the US Department of Health andHu
19、man Sevices.FIG. 1 Common Hand Hole TypesD6804 02 (2011)25.1.2 Be a complex molded handle with a reinforcementmounted at the attaching point,5.1.3 Incorporate rope handles, and5.1.4 Be reinforced by the box maker with reinforcing tapeapplied above them.5.2 If possible, position hand holes so that pr
20、oduct andinternal cushioning material can add support for carrying (seeFig. 2). If the box must bear all the weight, it is best to positionthe hand holes at least two (2) in. below the horizontal scoreline of end panels to distribute the compressive forces andavoid failure. When placing hand holes,
21、consider productbalance and box closure method.5.3 Some closure methods, such as taping, can affect handhole placement. When a hand hole is to be used with a boxstyle such as an RSC, which is to have a tape closure (seePractice D1974), it is best to allow enough room (2 to 212-in.)for the end-leg of
22、 the tape (see Fig. 3). For a Bliss style box,hand holes should be placed just below the top flange (see Fig.4).5.4 Several methods are used to reinforce a box above thehand hole. For example, pressure sensitive, heat activated, andadhesive based products can be used. Some have fiberglass orpolyeste
23、r yarn reinforcement, some are tensilized, and someare made of heavy kraft paper (see Fig. 5).5.5 When possible, use curved type hand holes: they willnot tear as easily as the straight top design (see Fig. 4). Thecurved design eliminates a sharp edge at the corners, resultingin a more evenly distrib
24、uted lifting force across the surface.Note that a different type of grasping device will be requiredwhen testing curved hand holes as opposed to straight ones (seeX1.3, Apparatus).FIG. 2 Box with Internal Cushioning Material, showing location above Hand Hole to provide Added Support for CarryingFIG.
25、 3 RSC Style Box with Tape Closure, showing location ofHand Hole 2.5 in. below top edge of boxD6804 02 (2011)36. Evaluation6.1 The test methods in Appendix X1 are not ASTMstandards, but are evaluation methods to assist in determiningthe relative performance of hand holes during handling in thedistri
26、bution environment. The methods, in experimental trials,were shown to have high variability between laboratories;however, within laboratories the methods were useful indetermining relative performance.7. Keywords7.1 corrugated boxes; distribution environment; hand holes;manual handlingFIG. 4 Bliss S
27、tyle Box showing Curved Hand Hole located just below the Top FlangeFIG. 5 RSC Style Box showing placement of Reinforcement Material around perimeter of box, just above Hand HoleD6804 02 (2011)4APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF HAND HOLES IN CORRUGATED BOXESX1.1 Summa
28、ry of MethodsX1.1.1 Method A, Jerk TestUses free-fall drop test appa-ratus in conjunction with a support apparatus and graspingdevice(s), imparting a sudden sharp arrested motion (jerk) tothe hand hole area of a corrugated box. A grasping devicesimilar to that shown in Fig. X1.1 provides contact wit
29、h thehand hole.X1.1.1.1 This method is applicable for testing both one- andtwo-hand lifting of boxes. It is not intended for horizontalpulling of the box (see Method B, Tensile Test).X1.1.2 Method B, Tensile TestUses tensile testing ma-chines having a constant free-running crosshead speed orconstant
30、 extension rate to determine the maximum load carry-ing ability of the hand hole(s) in the tested box. Contact withthe hand hole is provided by the same type of grasping deviceused for Method A, and the box is fixed to the stationaryportion of the machine.X1.1.2.1 With proper fixturing, this method
31、is applicable totesting one- and two-hand lifting, and horizontal pulling ofboxes.X1.2 Significance and UseX1.2.1 These test methods will assist in determiningwhether hand holes in corrugated boxes will perform tospecific level(s) of handling force(s) expected in the distribu-tion environment during
32、 manual handling. These forces can bestatic, that is, a box picked up slowly, or dynamic, a box pickedup or moved with a jerking motion. These methods may beused to compare different types of hand hole/box construction,or to measure performance to a specified level.X1.2.2 During testing, forces are
33、applied in directions mostfrequently seen in normal manual handling. In addition to thenormal direction of force (usually vertical), other directionscould be diagonal (such as when lifting a box with one hand)and at 90 (such as when boxes are pulled by the hand holerather than lifted).X1.3 Apparatus
34、X1.3.1 Grasping Device:X1.3.1.1 The grasping device shall be similar to that shownin Fig. X1.1. The width should be modified to match the widthof the straight portion of the hand hole, up to a maximum widthof 4 in. Hand holes having a curved top edge may requirespecial designs, to be determined by t
35、he user.X1.3.1.2 For a vertical jerk or tensile test, two graspingdevices are used, each connected to a spreader bar that supportsthe two devices at a distance such that the devices hangvertically when lightly engaging both hand holes (see Fig.X1.2).X1.3.1.3 The user must be sure that the grasping d
36、evices,spreader bar, and connecting hardware are of sufficient strengthto safely hold the load.X1.3.2 Method A, Jerk Test (see Fig. X1.2):X1.3.2.1 Drop Test Apparatus, with a platform or otherfeature which supports a corrugated box, such that the box maybe released for free-fall from a specified hei
37、ght. Supportapparatus for the grasping device must suspend the box at least6 in. (150 mm) above the floor or test apparatus base. Thesupport apparatus must secure the grasping device(s) soessentially no yielding or elastic stretch occurs when the boxfalls and its motion is arrested by the device(s).
38、 A chain orflexible steel cable suspended from a rigid support or overheadhoist may be used for this purpose.X1.3.2.2 An elastic cord may be used to take up the slack inthe chain or cable to make sure the grasping device(s) stays inthe hand hole(s). The cord shall be stiff enough to just supportthe
39、weight of the fixture at the desired drop height and yetimpart no significant additional force at the bottom of travel,that is, when there is no slack in the chain.X1.3.3 Method B, Tensile Test (see Fig. X1.3):X1.3.3.1 A tensile testing machine capable of producing aconstant cross-head speed or rate
40、 of extension shall be used.X1.3.3.2 Machines used for tensile testing shall conform tothe requirements of Practice E4. The forces used in determin-ing the tensile strength shall be within the verified forceapplication range of the testing machine as defined in PracticeE4.X1.3.3.3 A method to determ
41、ine and record the maximumforce applied during the test shall be provided.NOTE X1.1It may be of interest to record the amount of energyrequired to cause failure.X1.4 Sampling and Test SpecimensX1.4.1 Selection of a sampling plan depends on the purposeof the testing. The sampling plan from Appendix X
42、2.2.2 ofPractice D585 is recommended for acceptance criteria. Forpurposes other than acceptance criteria, Practice E122 isrecommended.X1.4.2 Pack the box with either the actual contents, or adummy load simulating the contents with respect to dimen-sions, weight, center of gravity, moment of inertia,
43、 and flowcharacteristics. Close the box the same way it will be used forshipment.X1.4.2.1 For tensile tests, fixturing may make it impossibleto use actual contents. The weight, center of gravity, moment ofinertia, and flow characteristics of the contents are not signifi-cant parameters for tensile t
44、ests. However, fixturing andD6804 02 (2011)5FIG. X1.1 Grasping DeviceD6804 02 (2011)6FIG. X1.2 Jerk Test ConfigurationsD6804 02 (2011)7FIG. X1.3 Tensile Test ConfigurationsD6804 02 (2011)8contents must be such that the deformation of the box andstrength of the hand holes are not affected.X1.5 Condit
45、ioningX1.5.1 All test specimens shall be preconditioned, condi-tioned, and tested in accordance with Practice D4332, or otherspecial conditions as required.X1.6 ProcedureX1.6.1 Method A, Jerk Test:X1.6.1.1 Insert the grasping device(s) in the hand hole(s),and raise the filled box so that it is suspe
46、nded at least 6 in. (150mm) above the floor or drop apparatus base. Note the distancefrom the floor or base to the box, and then use the drop testapparatus to raise the box to the desired free-fall drop height,relative to the free suspended position. An elastic cord may beused to take up the slack i
47、n the chain or cable to hold thegrasping device(s) in the hand hole(s). Refer to Fig. X1.2 forgraphic descriptions of the test configuration.X1.6.1.2 The spreader bar (see Fig. X1.2) must remain in ahorizontal and level position during the test.X1.6.1.3 When conducting the One-Hand Jerk test, the bo
48、xclosure method must be the same as intended for actual use.X1.6.1.4 Release the drop test apparatus, allowing the boxto free-fall for the desired drop height until stopped by thegrasping device(s). (WarningWhen a hand hole fails ineither a two-hand or one-hand test, the box and graspingdevices may
49、move in a violent and unpredictable manner.X1.6.1.5 Perform the jerk tests to a prescribed sequence,using a single or multiple constant drop height procedure, or aprogressive drop height procedure. Refer to Test MethodD5276 Annex A2 for guidance on drop test cycles andprocedures. Typical drop heights for jerk testing range from 0.5to 8 in. (13 to 200 mm), sufficient to produce 40 to 60 in.-lbf(4.5 to 6.8 J) of energy (gross weight 3 drop height). Energylevels may be lower for multiple drop sequences, perhaps aslow as 5 in.-lbf (0.6 J) for repeated drops of a li
