1、Designation: D 7297 06Standard Practice forEvaluating Residential Indoor Air Quality Concerns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7297; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard practice describes procedures for evaluat-ing indoor air quality (IAQ) concerns in residential buildings.1.2 The practic
3、e primarily addresses IAQ concerns encoun-tered in single-family detached and attached (for example,townhouse or duplex design) residential buildings. Limitedguidance is also included for low- and high-rise multifamilydwellings.1.3 The IAQ evaluation procedures are comprised of inter-views with the
4、homeowner or resident(s) (including telephoneinterviews and face-to-face meetings) and on-site investiga-tions (including walk-through, assessment, and measure-ments). For practicality in application, these procedures aredividing into three separate phases.1.4 The procedures described in this standa
5、rd practice areaimed at identifying potential causes contributing to the IAQconcern. Such findings should become a basis for recommend-ing corrective measures. This standard practice does notdescribe problem resolution or corrective measures and thestandard is not intended to evaluate the impact of
6、correctivemeasures.1.5 Implementation of procedures given in this standardrequires the investigator (or investigative team) to have ad-equate background in several areas: general principles of IAQ;interviewing techniques; building design and constructionpractices; basic understanding of heating and
7、cooling systemsand appliances; use of IAQ measurement equipment; interpre-tation of IAQ data; and technical report writing.1.6 Although many elements described in this standardpractice may be useful in training of IAQ investigators, itshould not be used as the sole basis for specifying orconducting
8、such training.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
9、For additionalsafety precautionary information, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD 4861 Practice for Sampling and Selection of AnalyticalTechniq
10、ues for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenylsin AirD 4947 Test Method for Chlordane and Heptachlor Resi-dues in Indoor AirD 5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehydeand Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)D 5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAna
11、lysisD 5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D 5952 Guide for Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellaeand Investigating Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis(Legionnaires Disease or Pontiac Fever)D 5955 Test Methods for Estimatin
12、g Contribution of Envi-ronmental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended Par-ticles Based on UVPM and FPMD 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD 6271 Test Method for Estimating Contribution of Envi-ronmental
13、 Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended Par-ticles Based on SolanesolD 6333 Practice for Collection of Dislodgeable PesticideResidues from FloorsD 6345 Guide for Selection of Methods for Active, Integra-tive Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in AirE 241 Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Damage to
14、 Build-ings1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 609 Terminology Relating
16、 to PesticidesE 620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific orTechnical ExpertsE 741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means of a Tracer Gas DilutionE 779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate byFan PressurizationE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects a
17、nd En-vironmental FateE 1186 Practices forAir Leakage Site Detection in BuildingEnvelopes and Air Barrier SystemsE 1554 Test Methods for Determining ExternalAir Leakageof Air Distribution Systems by Fan PressurizationE 1827 Test Methods for Determining Airtightness ofBuildings Using an Orifice Blowe
18、r DoorE 1998 Guide for Assessing Depressurization-InducedBackdrafting and Spillage from Vented Combustion Appli-ancesE 2128 Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of BuildingWalls2.2 Other Documents:ASHRAE 62.2-2004 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor AirQuality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings3ASHRAE 11
19、9 Air Leakage Performance for DetachedSingle-Family Residential Buildings33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, refer to Terminologies D 1356, E 609, and E 943.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hypothesis, na provisional theory set forth
20、 to ex-plain certain indoor air quality problems or phenomena.3.2.2 pause point, nan interim step within a proceduralsequence designed to allow subsequent actions to be based onthe analysis and evaluation of recently collected data.3.2.3 stack effect, nbuoyancy associated with the indoor-outdoor tem
21、perature differences.4. Summary of Practice4.1 IAQ-based complaints and problems in residentialbuildings include discomfort and health symptoms arising fromexposure to indoor air pollutants, as well as unacceptableindoor environmental conditions such as mold growth orlingering odors.4.2 This practic
22、e describes procedures for the systematicinvestigation of IAQ concerns using an iterative process thatinvolves problem definition, information gathering, formula-tion of hypotheses, measurements (if necessary), and problemidentification. It may include testing hypotheses by takingactions and evaluat
23、ing their impact on the IAQ concern.4.3 To enhance the effectiveness and management of anIAQ investigation, it is often conducted in three separatephases: (1) initial meeting with the building owner andwalk-through, (2) detailed assessment of the building and itssystems, and (3) pollutant measuremen
24、ts, if necessary. Suchphased investigations also allow informing the building owneror the cognizant party of the progress and seeking approval forensuing work.4.4 Major steps recommended for IAQ investigations in-clude an initial interview with the building owner or occupant,on-site meeting and walk
25、-through, develop hypotheses onpotential causes of complaints, determine measurement param-eters and instrumentation, determine the need and feasibility ofmonitoring, if appropriate, conduct monitoring, analyze dataand evaluate hypotheses, and develop report on findings.Critical purposes underlying
26、these steps and procedures in-volved are described. The relationships among the steps areillustrated through a flow diagram.4.5 The success of an IAQ investigation often depends onwhether or not the investigator has taken the time to step backto assess all field observations and data that have beenc
27、ollected at any given point to determine or postulate potentialcauses. These interim evaluation points are called pause pointsand several such pause points are recommended during theinvestigation process.5. Significance and Use5.1 IAQ-based complaints and problems includingdiscomfort/health symptoms
28、 and unacceptable indoor environ-mental conditions such as odors exist in residential buildings,but the frequency of the occurrence of IAQ complaints andproblems is not known.5.2 Characterization of IAQ concerns and identification oftheir underlying causes require systematic observations andmeasurem
29、ents of the indoor environment, its occupants andcontaminant sources. This practice provides background andprocedures for the investigation of IAQ concerns.5.3 Where the dwelling is not owner-occupied, formalpermission to access certain areas of the property and to collectinformation essential to th
30、e IAQ investigation is often deemedessential to be obtained from the owner and, where applicable,from other tenants. An investigator should seek appropriatelegal advice in these matters.5.4 Certain stages of the IAQ investigation could benefitfrom a review of existing medical records. This requiress
31、pecific written permission from the patient.5.5 The stepwise and phased approach described in thispractice allows for an investigation that is commensurate withthe nature of the problem and the level of resources availablefor the investigation.6. Hazards and Precautions6.1 In the course of conductin
32、g on-site investigations, avariety of situations may arise that could pose a hazard to theinvestigator and residents. Examples include the following:6.1.1 Improperly stored or uncharacterized householdchemicals, and pesticides, etc.,6.1.2 Fire hazards (for example, inappropriate storage ofcombustibl
33、e material), and6.1.3 Microbiological contamination.6.1.4 General safety (for example, weakened staircases,etc.).3Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.D72970626.2 Most
34、potential hazards are recognized visually, and canbe accommodated by asking the homeowner to remove thehazards.6.3 If any testing or assessment planned to be conducted bythe investigator (for example, use of smoke tracers) influencesthe occupants and/or indoor environment, risks related to suchproce
35、dures must be reviewed with the resident and explicitpermission of the resident should be obtained prior to initiatingsuch testing.6.4 Where applicable, use protective equipment (for ex-ample, eye protection, gloves, and masks), and safe procedures(that is, avoid direct inhalation of strong vapors)
36、to reducehazards that cannot be otherwise moderated.7. Background on the Nature of Residential IAQProblems, Contaminants and Sources7.1 For successful diagnosis of IAQ problems, investigatorsneed to have a thorough understanding of types of problemsand their potential causes. This section provides a
37、n illustrativebackground on type of IAQ problems, contaminants, andindoor sources. For detailed discussion, refer to the documentslisted in the bibliography (Annex A7). The next section(Section 8) gives background on building and system relatedIAQ problems.7.2 IAQ Concerns and Problems:7.2.1 IAQ con
38、cerns and problems can be grouped in twocategories: those that adversely affect the residents health, andthose that create annoying circumstances. The first category isperceived symptom-based response (related to residentshealthstatus or perception of well-being), and may or may not bedetectable by
39、the senses. The second category relates toacceptability of indoor environmental conditions, which relateto sensory phenomena, but may or may not be related to healthconcerns.7.2.2 IAQ concerns that are based on symptom complaintsinclude building-related illnesses whose symptoms can beidentified and
40、whose cause can be directly attributed toairborne building pollutants, as well as illnesses without knownetiological origins.7.2.3 IAQ concerns that are based on perceived acceptabil-ity of environmental conditions include disagreeable odors,visible deposits of soot-like residues, or mold growth onv
41、arious surfaces, and excessive dust.7.3 Contaminants and Indoor Sources:7.3.1 Two major types of contaminants are biological andchemical contaminants. Bioaerosols represent a broad class ofviable particles (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and spores), andnonviable particles (that is, fragments of dead
42、organisms andparticulate waste products). Chemical contaminants can existas gases, vapors, and aerosols that are or may become airborne.There are also chemical contaminants that originate from livingorganisms.7.3.2 Indoor levels of biologically-derived pollutants mayarise from biological contaminati
43、on of the indoor environment(for example, mold colonization), or from the transport ofbiologically-derived contaminants from other indoor airspaces,the outdoors, or from soil gas entry (1, 2).47.3.3 Sources of chemical contaminants in indoor air areconveniently grouped as (1) activity-related, (2) m
44、aterial-related sources, (3) transport-related sources, (4) tracked-indirt, and (5) bioeffluents.7.3.3.1 Activity-related sources are characterized by processrates. The emission rate for aerosols and gases from combus-tion sources, for example, is usually postulated in terms of fuelconsumption rate.
45、 Malfunctioning of such sources such asspillage from combustion sources relates to process rate andother factors such as depressurization. Other direct-dischargesources would include the use of pressurized consumer prod-ucts as well as volatilization of chemicals from the watersupply. Activity sourc
46、es also include tobacco smoke, cleaningand bathing products, sweeping and vacuuming, use of homeoffice equipment, hobbies, painting and varnishing and pestcontrol efforts.7.3.3.2 Material-related include volatilization of chemicalsfrom liquid films (for example, drying paint, cleaners) andfrom solid
47、 media (for example, carpet backing, buildingmaterials, glues and paints). Air “fresheners” also results involatilization of chemicals from solid or liquid media.7.3.3.3 Transport-related sources of indoor air pollutionbring contaminated air from other areas into the airspace ofconcern. Examples inc
48、lude infiltration of outdoor gases andaerosols, migration of combustion products (aerosols andgases) from attached garages, and soil gas entry. Heating,ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) distribution systemor ductwork also can be a conveyor of or a source of indoor airpollution. The improper m
49、aintenance or moisture accumulationin HVAC system can lead to colonization of organisms. Use ofwoodstoves and fireplaces can leave residues of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indoors.7.3.3.4 Tracked-in dirt by individuals, especially children,or pets coming from outside or the yard to indoors can be asource of contamination of lawn and garden chemicals such asherbicides, insecticides, fungicides, or fertilizers. SimilarlyPAH and other semivolatile organics can come from nearbyroadways, industrial sites, and landfills (3).7.3.3.5 Bioeffluents consist of CO2produced by resp
