1、Designation:E8411c Designation: E84 12An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E84; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-
3、test-response standard for the comparative surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to exposedsurfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the surface to be evaluatedexposed face down to the ignition source. The materia
4、l, product, or assembly shall be capable of being mounted in the test positionduring the test. Thus, the specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural quality, held in place by added supportsalong the test surface, or secured from the back side.1.2 The purpose of this test method is
5、 to determine the relative burning behavior of the material by observing the flame spreadalong the specimen. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily a relationshipbetween these two measurements.1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the
6、 test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index fromthose which might be obtained if the specimen could be tested without such support. These test results do not necessarily relateto indices obtained by testing materials without such support.1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, o
7、r delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed, resultsin low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given i
8、n parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes,excluding those in tables and figures, shall not b
9、e considered as requirements of the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the mater
10、ials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicabilit
11、y of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsC1288 Specification for Discrete Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Interi
12、or Substrate SheetsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersE69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated Wood by the Fire-Tube ApparatusE136 Test Met
13、hod for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CE160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated Wood by the Crib Test3E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE286 Method of Test for Surface Flam
14、mability of Building Materials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace01This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011.Jan. 1, 2012. Published January 2
15、012. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E84 11bc. DOI:10.1520/E0084-11C.10.1520/E0084-12.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, re
16、fer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been m
17、ade to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Co
18、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of T
19、extile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) Wall or CeilingCoverings to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Site-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE2579 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Wood
20、Products to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl Stretch CeilingMaterials for Building Applications to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting
21、of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2690 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Caulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics2.2 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 262 Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel and Smoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-Handling Spaces (2
22、007)2.3 UL Standards5UL 1820 Standard for Safety for Fire Test of Pneumatic Tubing for Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 1887 Standard for Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe for Visible Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 2024 Standard for Safety for Optical Fiber and Communication Cabl
23、e Raceway (2004)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method refer to Terminology E176. The term flame spread index fromTerminology E176 is of particular interest to this standard and is defined in 3.1.2.3.1.2 flame spread index, na number or classification i
24、ndicating a comparative measure derived from observations madeduring the progress of the boundary of a zone of flame under defined test conditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke developed index, na number or classification indicating a comparative measure derived from
25、 smoke obscurationdata collected during the test for surface burning characteristics.3.2.2 surface flame spread, nthe propagation of a flame away from the source of ignition across the surface of the specimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide only comparative measure
26、ments of surface flame spread and smoke densitymeasurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure conditionsdescribed herein.4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) long by 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air fl
27、ow andflaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along the entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 512 min.4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behav
28、ior of an assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls andceilings.4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible, by means of a flame spread index by itself.5. Apparatus5.1 Fire Test ChamberSee Figs. 1-5.5.1.1 The fire test chamber is a rectangular horizontal duct with a r
29、emovable lid. The inside dimensions are as follows:Width: 1734 614 in. (451 6 6.3 mm) measured between the topledges along the side walls, and 1758 638 in. (448 6 10mm) at all other points.Depth: 12 612 in. (305 6 13 mm) measured from the bottom ofthe test chamber to the top of the ledges on which t
30、hespecimen is supported. This measurement includes the18in. (3.2 mm) thickness of the 112 in. (38 mm) wide wovenfiberglass gasket tape.Length: 25 ft 6 3 in. (7.62 m 6 76 mm).5.1.2 The sides and base of the chamber shall be lined with an insulating firebrick with the dimensions of 412 in. by 9 in. by
31、212 in. thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating firebrick shall have the following properties:4Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Battery March Park, Quincy, MA 02169.5Available from Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062.E84122Maximum Recommen
32、ded Temperature 2600F (1427C)Bulk Density 48 6 3 lb/ft3(0.77 6 0.046 g/cm3)Thermal Conductivity at MeanTemperature ofBtuin./hft2F W/mC500F (260C) 1.6 0.231000F (538C) 1.9 0.271500F (815C) 2.2 0.322000F (1093C) 2.6 0.375.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with double observation windows6wi
33、th the inside pane flush mounted (see Fig.2). Exposed inside glass shall be 234 638 by 11 + 1, 2 in. (70 6 10 by 279 + 25 50 mm). The centerline of the exposed areaof the inside glass shall be in the upper half of the furnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm) below the furnacel
34、edge. The window shall be located such that not less than 12 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width can be observed. Multiplewindows shall be located along the tunnel so that the entire length of the test sample is observable from outside the fire chamber.The windows shall be pressure tight in accordanc
35、e with 7.2 and 7.2.1.5.1.4 The ledges shall be fabricated of structural materials7capable of withstanding the abuse of continuous testing. The ledgesshall be level with respect to the length and width of the chamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in a state of repaircommensurate with
36、 the frequency, volume, and severity of testing occurring at any time.5.1.5 Lid:5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a removable noncombustible metal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 and ofa size necessary to cover completely the fire test chamber and the test samples. The lid shall be
37、 maintained in an unwarped andflat condition. When in place, the lid shall be completely sealed to prevent air leakage into the fire test chamber during the test.5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thickness of 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral composite materialhaving physi
38、cal characteristics comparable to the following:Maximum effective use temperature ofat least: 1200F (650C)Bulk density 21 lb/ft3(336 kg/m3)Thermal conductivity at 300 to 700F(149 to 371C)0.50 to 0.71 Btuin./hft2F (0.072 to0.102 W/mK)5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protected with flat sectio
39、ns of nominal14-in. (6.3-mm) fiber-cement board meeting theproperties of Annex A3. This protective board shall be maintained in sound condition through continued replacement. Theprotective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or place on the back side of the test specimen.6Heat-resistant glass,
40、 high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal14-in. thick has been found suitable for the interior pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal14-in. thick has beenfound suitable for the exterior pane.7High-temperature furnace refractory. Zirconium silicate, or water-cooled steel tubing have been found suitable fo
41、r this purpose.FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E841235.1.6 Gas Burners:5.1.6.1 One end of the test chamber shall be designated as the “fire end”. This fire end shall be provided with two gas burnersdelivering flames upward against the surface of the
42、test sample (see Fig. 2). The burners shall be spaced 12 in. (305 mm) fromthe fire end of the test chamber, and 712 612 in. (190 6 13 mm) below the under surface of the test sample. Gas to the burnersshall be provided through a single inlet pipe, distributed to each port burner through a tee-section
43、. The outlet shall be a34 in.NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall be parallel to the furnace floor, such that the gas is directed upward toward the specimen.Each port shall be positioned with its centerline 4 612 in. (102 6 13 mm) on each side of the centerline of the furnace so thatthe flame is d
44、istributed evenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (see Fig. 2).5.1.6.2 The controls used to assure constant flow of gas to the burners during period of use shall consist of a pressure regulator,a gas meter constructed to read in increments of not more than 0.1 ft3(2.8 L), a manometer
45、to indicate gas pressure in inches ofwater, a quick-acting gas shut-off valve, and a gas metering valve.5.1.7 Air Intake:5.1.7.1 An air intake shutter shall be located 54 6 5 in. (1372 6 127 mm) upstream of the burner, as measured from the burnercenterline to the outside surface of the shutter (see
46、Fig. 1). The air intake is to be fitted with a vertically sliding shutter extendingthe entire width of the test chamber. The shutter shall be positioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm) highFIG. 2 Test Furnace Showing Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E84124mea
47、sured from the floor level of the test chamber at the air intake point.5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion, turbulance baffling shall be provided by positioning six refractoryfirebricks (as defined in 5.1.2) along the side walls of the chamber. With the long dimension vertical, 4
48、12 in. (114-mm) dimensionalong the wall, place the bricks as follows from the centerline of the burner ports:On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 612 ft (2.1, 3.7, and 6.1 6 0.2 m)On the opposite side at 412 ,912 , and 16 612 ft (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9 6 0.2 m)5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be by an in
49、duced draft system having a total draft capacity of at least 0.15 in. (3.8 mm) watercolumn with the sample in place, the shutter at the fire end open the normal 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm), and the damper in the wideopen position. A draft gage tap to indicate static pressure shall be inserted through the top at the midwidth of the tunnel, 1 6 0.5in. (25 6 12 mm) below the ceiling, 15 6 0.5 in. (381 6 12 mm) downstream from the inlet shutter (see Fig. 1).5.1.8 Exhaust End:5.1.8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated as
