1、Designation: E84 13a An American National StandardStandard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E84; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response sta
3、ndard for the comparativesurface burning behavior of building materials is applicable toexposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test isconducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with thesurface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignitionsource. The material, product, or assem
4、bly shall be capable ofbeing mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, thespecimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structuralquality, held in place by added supports along the test surface,or secured from the back side.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine therelat
5、ive burning behavior of the material by observing theflame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smokedeveloped index are reported. However, there is not necessarilya relationship between these two measurements.1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of thetest specimen has the ab
6、ility to lower the flame spread indexfrom those which might be obtained if the specimen could betested without such support. These test results do not neces-sarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials withoutsuch support.1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate tosuch a deg
7、ree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed,results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly toindices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematic
8、alconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes andfootnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of
9、 the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies unde
10、ractual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
11、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) SteelPoultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsC1288 Specification for Discrete Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Interior Substrate SheetsD4442 Test Met
12、hods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersE69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Fire-Tube ApparatusE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a
13、 VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of TreatedWood by the Crib Test3E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE286 Test Method for Surface Flammability of BuildingMaterials Using an 8
14、-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace (With-drawn 1991)3E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Pub
15、lished July 2013. Originally approvedin 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E84 13. DOI: 10.1520/E0084-13A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
16、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess
17、 SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) Wall orCeiling Coverings, and of Facings and Wood VeneersIntended to be Applied on Site Over a Wood Substrate, toAssess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2573 Practice fo
18、r Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface Burn-ing CharacteristicsE2579 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofWood Products to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation,
19、Radiant Barrier and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to AssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2690 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofCaulks and Sealants to Ass
20、ess Surface Burning Charac-teristics2.2 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 262 Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel andSmoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-HandlingSpaces (2007)2.3 UL Standards5UL 1820 Standard for Safety for Fire Test of PneumaticTubing for Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 1887 S
21、tandard for Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe forVisible Flame and Smoke Characteristics (2004)UL 2024 Standard for Safety for Optical Fiber and Commu-nication Cable Raceway (2004)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method referto Terminology E176. The te
22、rm flame spread index fromTerminology E176 is of particular interest to this standard andis defined in 3.1.2.3.1.2 flame spread index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from observationsmade during the progress of the boundary of a zone of flameunder defined test co
23、nditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke developed index, na number or classificationindicating a comparative measure derived from smoke obscu-ration data collected during the test for surface burningcharacteristics.3.2.2 surface flame spread, nthe propagation of a fla
24、meaway from the source of ignition across the surface of thespecimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide only compara-tive measurements of surface flame spread and smoke densitymeasurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the spe
25、cific fire exposure condi-tions described herein.4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32-m) longby 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow andflaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along theentire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 512 min.4.3 This t
26、est method does not provide for the following:4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the testedsurface.4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of anassembly resulting from the proximity of combustible wallsand ceilings.4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible,b
27、y means of a flame spread index by itself.5. Apparatus5.1 Fire Test ChamberSee Figs. 1-5.5.1.1 The fire test chamber is a rectangular horizontal ductwith a removable lid. The inside dimensions are as follows:Width: 1734 14 in. (451 6.3 mm) measured between the topledges along the side walls, and 175
28、8 38 in.(44810mm) at all other points.Depth: 12 12 in. (305 13 mm) measured from the bottom of thetest chamber to the top of the ledges on which thespecimen is supported. This measurement includes the18in. (3.2 mm) thickness of the 112 in. (38 mm) wide wovenfiberglass gasket tape.Length: 25 ft 3 in.
29、 (7.62m76mm).5.1.2 The sides and base of the chamber shall be lined withan insulating firebrick with the dimensions of 412 in. by 9 in.by 212 in. thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating firebrickshall have the following properties:Maximum Recommended Temperature 2600F (1427C)Bulk Density 483l
30、b/ft3(0.77 0.046 g/cm3)Thermal Conductivity at MeanTemperature ofBtuin./hft2F W/mC500F (260C) 1.6 0.231000F (538C) 1.9 0.271500F (815C) 2.2 0.322000F (1093C) 2.6 0.375.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with doubleobservation windows6with the inside pane flush mounted (seeFig. 2). Exposed
31、 inside glass shall be 234 638 by11+1,2in. (70 6 10 by 279 + 25 50 mm). The centerline of theexposed area of the inside glass shall be in the upper half of thefurnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm)below the furnace ledge. The window shall be located such thatnot less than 12
32、 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width can beobserved. Multiple windows shall be located along the tunnelso that the entire length of the test sample is observable fromoutside the fire chamber. The windows shall be pressure tightin accordance with 7.2 and 7.2.1.4Available from National Fire Protection
33、Association, 1 Battery March Park,Quincy, MA 02169.5Available from Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL60062.6Heat-resistant glass, high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal14-in. thick hasbeen found suitable for the interior pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal14-in. thick hasb
34、een found suitable for the exterior pane.E84 13a25.1.4 The ledges shall be fabricated of structural materials7capable of withstanding the abuse of continuous testing. Theledges shall be level with respect to the length and width of thechamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in astate
35、of repair commensurate with the frequency, volume, andseverity of testing occurring at any time.5.1.5 Lid:5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a removable noncombustiblemetal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 andof a size necessary to cover completely the fire test chamberand the test s
36、amples. The lid shall be maintained in anunwarped and flat condition. When in place, the lid shall becompletely sealed to prevent air leakage into the fire testchamber during the test.5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thicknessof 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral composite
37、material having physical characteristics comparable to thefollowing:Maximum effective use temperature ofat least: 1200F (650C)Bulk density 21 lb/ft3(336 kg/m3)Thermal conductivity at 300 to 700F(149 to 371C)0.50 to 0.71 Btuin./hft2F (0.072 to0.102 W/mK)5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protec
38、ted with flatsections of nominal14-in. (6.3-mm) fiber-cement board meet-ing the properties of Annex A3. This protective board shall bemaintained in sound condition through continued replacement.The protective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or placeon the back side of the test specimen.5.1
39、.6 Gas Burners:5.1.6.1 One end of the test chamber shall be designated asthe “fire end”. This fire end shall be provided with two gasburners delivering flames upward against the surface of the testsample (see Fig. 2). The burners shall be spaced 12 in. (305mm) from the fire end of the test chamber,
40、and 712 612 in.(190 6 13 mm) below the under surface of the test sample. Gasto the burners shall be provided through a single inlet pipe,distributed to each port burner through a tee-section. The outletshall be a34 in. NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall beparallel to the furnace floor, such that
41、 the gas is directedupward toward the specimen. Each port shall be positionedwith its centerline 4 612 in. (102 6 13 mm) on each side ofthe centerline of the furnace so that the flame is distributedevenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (seeFig. 2).5.1.6.2 The controls used to assure
42、constant flow of gas tothe burners during period of use shall consist of a pressureregulator, a gas meter constructed to read in increments of notmore than 0.1 ft3(2.8 L), a manometer to indicate gas pressurein inches of water, a quick-acting gas shut-off valve, and a gasmetering valve.5.1.7 Air Int
43、ake:5.1.7.1 An air intake shutter shall be located 54 6 5 in.(1372 6 127 mm) upstream of the burner, as measured fromthe burner centerline to the outside surface of the shutter (seeFig. 1). The air intake is to be fitted with a vertically sliding7High-temperature furnace refractory. Zirconium silica
44、te, or water-cooled steeltubing have been found suitable for this purpose.FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E84 13a3shutter extending the entire width of the test chamber. Theshutter shall be positioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 6116 in. (76
45、 6 2 mm) high measured from the floor level of thetest chamber at the air intake point.5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion,turbulance baffling shall be provided by positioning six refrac-tory firebricks (as defined in 5.1.2) along the side walls of thechamber. With the long dimen
46、sion vertical, 412 in. (114-mm)dimension along the wall, place the bricks as follows from thecenterline of the burner ports:On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 12 ft (2.1, 3.7, and 6.1 0.2 m)On the opposite side at 412,912, and 16 12 ft (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9 0.2 m)5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be b
47、y an induced draftsystem having a total draft capacity of at least 0.15 in. (3.8mm) water column with the sample in place, the shutter at thefire end open the normal 3 6116 in. (76 6 2 mm), and thedamper in the wide open position. A draft gage tap to indicatestatic pressure shall be inserted through
48、 the top at the midwidthof the tunnel, 1 6 0.5 in. (25 6 12 mm) below the ceiling, 156 0.5 in. (381 6 12 mm) downstream from the inlet shutter(see Fig. 1).5.1.8 Exhaust End:5.1.8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated asthe exhaust end. The exhaust end shall be fitted with a gradualrectan
49、gular-to-round transition piece, not less than 20 in. (508mm) in length, with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200in.2(1290 cm2) at any point (see Fig. 3).5.1.8.2 The transition piece shall in turn be fitted to a 16 in.(406 mm) diameter duct pipe. A typical duct system shown inFig. 4 contains two 90 elbows (see Fig. 5) with the exhaustFIG. 2 Test Furnace Showing Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)E84 13a4duct running beside the fire test chamber. In order to complywith this typica
